FCCP UNIT II COMPUTER SOFTWARE

UNIT II
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer Software –Types of Software – Software Development Steps – Internet
Evolution - Basic Internet Terminology – Getting connected to Internet Applications.

2 MARKS
 

1. Define Computer Software?
Software is a set of programs or collection of programs that is executed by the Computer’s
CPU to function it in a desired way.

2. What is meant by Installation and Assembling?
Installation –It is the process of loading the software package into the computer.
Assembling – It is the process of mounting different computer peripherals into one, to
make the computer to function properly.
3. Define Hardware.
Hardware is the physical components of the computer.
4. What are the types of Software?
1. Application software.
2. System software.
5. Define OS.
An operating system is a set of programs, which are used to control and co-ordinate the
computer system.
6. What are the basic functions of an OS?
• Process Management.
• Memory Management.
• File Management.
• Device Management.
• Security Management.
• User Interface.
7. What are the types of Operating System?
• Single user operating system.
• Multi-user operating system.
• Time sharing operating system.
• Virtual storage operating system.
• Real time operating system.
• Multiprocessing operating system.
• Virtual machine operating system.
8. Define Multiprocessing?
Multiprocessing is the process of executing a single job by using multiple CPU’s.
9. What are language translators?
The language translators are the programs which come under system software category.
They are Compilers, Interpreters and Assembler.
10. What are a Compiler, Assembler and Interpreter?
Compiler: It is a program which is used to convert the high level language program into
machine language.
Assembler: It is a program which is used to convert the assembly level language program
into machine language.
Interpreter: It is a program; it takes one statement of a high level language program,
translates it into machine language instruction and then immediately executes the resulting
machine language instruction.
11. What is Device Driver?
In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing higherlevel
computer programs to interact with a hardware device.
A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus or
communications subsystem to which the hardware connects.
12. What is the purpose of a Device Driver?
A device driver simplifies programming by acting as a translator between a hardware
device and the applications or operating systems that use it. Programmers can write the
higher-level application code independently of whatever specific hardware device it will
ultimately control, because code and device can interface in a standard way, regardless of the
software superstructure or of underlying hardware. Every version of a device, such as a
printer, requires its own hardware-specific specialized commands.
13. What is a linker?
A linker is a program that combines object modules to form an executable program.
Many programming languages allow you to write different pieces of code, called
modules, separately. This simplifies the programming task because you can break a large
program into small, more manageable pieces.
Modules has to be put together. This is the job of the linker.
In addition to combining modules, a linker also replaces symbolic addresses with real
addresses. Therefore, you may need to link a program even if it contains only one module.
14. What is a loader?
In computing, a loader is the part of an operating system that is responsible for one of the
essential stages in the process of starting a program, loading programs, that is, starting up
programs by reading the contents of executable files (executables- files containing program
text) into memory, then carrying out other required preparatory tasks, after which the
program code is finally allowed to run and is started when the operating system passes
control to the loaded program code.
15. What is Booting?
In computing, booting (also known as "booting up") is a bootstrapping process that
starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system. A boot sequence is the
initial set of operations that the computer performs when power is switched on. The boot
loader typically loads the main operating system for the computer.
16. What is application software?
An application software is a set of programs, that allows the computer to perform a
specific data processing for the user.
17. How can you obtain required software?
• Buying Pre-defined software.
• Buying customized software.
• Developing the software.
• Downloading from the Internet.
18. What are the categories of application software?
• Customized Application Software.
• General Application Software.
19. Define the System.
System is a group of interrelated components working together towards a common goal.
20. Specify the personnel’s, who are responsible for system design and implementation.
• System Personnel.
• System Analyst.
• System Designer.
• Programmers.
• Users.
21. What is system development cycle?
System development cycle is the sequence of events considered by the system developers
to build the new system or to replace the old one.
22. What are the phases of Software Development Cycle?
• Requirement Analysis.
• Feasibility study.
• System Analysis and Design.
• Coding / Development.
• Testing.
• Implementation.
• Maintenance.
23. What is Software Requirement Specification (SRS) document?
The Software Required Specification (SRS) Document is produced at the end of
Requirement Analysis stage, which specifies all requirements of the customer.
24. What is meant by Testing?
Testing is the process of executing the proposed software with sample or test data and put
into regular use.
25. How the system can be tested?
• Unit Testing.
• Integration Testing.
• System Testing.
• User Acceptance Test and Installation Testing.
26. What is Design?
The Design is the process of specifying the detailed operation of the system.
27. Classify the Design phase.
• High-Level Design (System Design)
• Low-Level Design (Detailed Design)
28. What is meant by Coding?
Coding is the process of writing program in a programming language.
29. What is Implementation & Maintenance?
Implementation is the process of putting the system into regular use.
Maintenance is the process of enhancing the system after installation.
30. What is Internet?
Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks linked by copper wires, fiber
optic cables and wireless connections etc,
31. Define protocol?
In computing, a protocol is a set of rules which is used by computers to communicate
with each other across a network. A protocol is a convention or standard that controls or
enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between computing endpoints. In
its simplest form, a protocol can be defined as the rules governing the syntax, semantics, and
synchronization of communication. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or
a combination of the two. At the lowest level, a protocol defines the behavior of a hardware
connection.
32. What is Web?
The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources linked by
hyperlinks and URL’s.
33. What is ARPANET?
It is acrimony for Advanced Research Project Agency NET, created by Department of
Defence (DOD).
34. What is a Web page?
A webpage or web page is a document or resource of information that is suitable for the
World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and displayed on a computer
screen. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation
to other web pages via hypertext links.
35. Define Website?
A website is a collection of WebPages, images, videos or other digital assets that is based
on one or more web servers, usually accessible through the Internet.
36. What is an IP?
IP stands for Internet Protocol, which is the language, that computer used to
communicate over the Internet.
37. Name some of the services of Internet or Internet applications? (JAN2009)
• E-Mail.
• Chat.
• Remote Access.
• File Sharing.
• Voice Telephony.
• File Transfer Protocol.
• Telnet.
• Internet Relay Chat.
• Video Conferencing.
38. What is HTTP?
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed,
collaborative, hypermedia information systems. Its use for retrieving inter-linked resources,
called hypertext documents, led to the establishment of the World Wide Web in 1990.
There are two major versions, HTTP/1.0 that uses a separate connection for every
document and HTTP/1.1 that can reuse the same connection to download, for instance,
images for the just served page. Hence HTTP/1.1 may be faster as it takes time to set up the
connections.
39. What is TCP/IP?
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite of communications protocols
used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP uses several protocols, the two main ones being
TCP and IP. TCP/IP is built into the UNIX operating system and is used by the Internet,
making it the de facto standard for transmitting data over networks. Even network operating
systems that have their own protocols, such as Netware, also support TCP/IP.
40. Define URL?
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a subset of the Uniform Resource Identifier
(URI) that specifies where an identified resource is available and the mechanism for
retrieving it. In popular usage and in many technical documents and verbal discussions it is
often incorrectly used as a synonym for URI.[1] In popular language, a URI is also referred to
as a Web address.
41. Define ISP?
An Internet service provider (ISP, also called Internet access provider, or IAP) is a
company that offers its customer’s access to the Internet. The ISP connects to its customers
using a data transmission technology appropriate for delivering Internet Protocol datagram’s,
such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed interconnects.
ISPs may provide Internet e-mail accounts to users which allow them to communicate
with one another by sending and receiving electronic messages through their ISP's servers.
ISPs may provide other services such as remotely storing data files on behalf of their
customers, as well as other services unique to each particular ISP.
42. Define Home page?
The homepage (often written as home page) is the URL or local file that automatically
loads when a web browser starts or when the browser's "home" button is pressed. One can
turn this feature off and on, as well as specify a URL for the page to be loaded. The term is
also used to refer to the front page, web server directory index, or main web page of a website
of a group, company, organization, or individual.
43. Define Web Browser?
A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing
information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of
content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to
related resources.
The major web browsers are Windows Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari,
Google Chrome, and Opera.
44. Differentiate Application and System Software. (JAN / FEB 2009)
S No Application Software System Software
1 Used to perform specific data
processing or computational tasks to
the user.
System software is the code that controls
the hardware.
2 It runs on top of the operating system
and performs a number of tasks for
the computer system.
It forms the foundation and takes care of
the most basic tasks of the computer
system.
3 Example: MS-Word Example: Operating System
45. Difference between web page and website. (JAN 2009/JAN 2010)
S No Web page Web site
1 A web page is one screen full of
information (from a web site) that may
contain links to other pages in the web
site or links to external information.
A website is a collection of one or more
web pages designed to convey
information on a particular subject or
theme to a web user.
2 Every webpage should contain a Page
Title in the head section. A web page
may contain text, animation or
graphics elements.
Website will have a domain name.
Example: A company will have a web
site providing structured information
about the company
3 Web page is an single entity. Web site can have more than one web
page.
46. Differentiate machine language and high level language. (JAN 2010)
S No Machine language High level Language
1 Represented in numbers. Human readable form.
2 Directly executed by the Central
Processing Unit.
Should be translated into machine code
by compiler / interpreter.
3 Example: ADD A, B where A and B
are operands and ADD is an opcode.
Example: C, C++
47. Difference between Compiler and Interpreter. (JAN 2010)
S No Compiler Interpreter
1 Executes source code into target or
assembly code.
Executes source code directly or to an
intermediate form.
2 Compilers convert once the source
program.
Interpreter converts every time the
program runs.
3 Languages for compiler conversion: C,
C++.
Languages for interpreter conversion:
MATLAB, Python.

48. What is IP Address? (JAN2009)
Internet protocol address is the address of a device attached to an IP network (TCP/IP
network). Every client, server and network device is assigned an IP address, and every IP packet
traversing an IP network contains a source IP address and a destination IP address.
49. Name any four application software packages. (JAN 2009)
Word Processors
Spreadsheets
Data bases
Graphics Presentations
Web browsers
50. What is soft loading? (JAN 2009)
A soft reboot (also known as a warm reboot) is restarting a computer under software
control, without removing power or (directly) triggering a reset line. It usually, though not
always, refers to an orderly shutdown and restarting of the machine.
The Control-Alt-Delete key combination is used to allow the soft rebooting the system.
51. What are the steps involved in booting? (JAN 2009)
First, the Power On Self Tests (POST) is conducted. These tests verify that the system is
operating correctly and will display an error message and/or output a series of beeps known as
beep codes depending on the BIOS manufacturer.
Second, is initialization in which the BIOS look for the video card built in BIOS program
and runs it. The BIOS then looks for other devices' ROMs to see if any of them have BIOSes and
they are executed as well.
Third, is to initiate the boot process. The BIOS looks for boot information that is
contained in file called the master boot record (MBR) at the first sector on the disk. If it is
searching a floppy disk, it looks at the same address on the floppy disk for a volume boot sector.
Once an acceptable boot record is found the operating system is loaded which takes over control
of the computer.
52. What is the difference between text and graphical browsers? (JAN2010)
S No Text browser Graphical browser
1 No GUI. Based on GUI.
2 Links are based on text entry. Links are present as icons or images.
3 Allow users to display and interact
only with text on the web pages.
Allow users to display and interact with
various images, present on the web
pages.
4 Example: Lynx web browser Example: Internet Explorer, Netscape
Navigator.

12 MARKS
1. Give the categories of Software with example? (JAN 2009/ MAY 2009)
SOFTWARE TYPES
Application Software:
Application Software is a set of programs for a specific application. Application software
is useful for word processing, accounting, and producing statistical report, Graphics, Excel
and Data Base. Programming languages COBOL, FORTRAN, C++,VB, VC, Java
Types of Application Software
Application software enables users to perform the activities and work that computers
were designed for. The specific type of application used depends on the intended purpose,
and there are application programs for almost every need.
(a) Individual application software refers to programs individuals use at work or at
home. Examples include word processing, spreadsheet, database management, and desktop
publishing programs.
(b) Collaboration software (also called groupware) enables people at separate PC
workstations to work together on a single document or project, such as designing a new
automobile engine.
(c) Vertical application software is a complete package of programs that work together
to perform core business functions for a large organization. For example, a bank might have a
mainframe computer at its corporate headquarters connected to conventional terminals in
branch offices, where they are used by managers, tellers, loan officers, and other employees.
All financial transactions are fed to the central computer for processing. The system then
generates managers’ reports, account statements, and other essential documents.
Other Application Software Models
Shareware: Shareware is software developed by an individual or software publisher who
retains ownership of the product and makes it available for a small “contribution” fee. The
voluntary fee normally entitles users to receive online or written product documentation and
technical help.
Freeware: Freeware is software that is provided free of charge to anyone wanting to use it.
Hundreds of freeware programs are available, many written by college students and
professors who create programs as class projects or as part of their research.
Open Source Software: An open source software program is software whose programming
code is owned by the original developer but made available free to the general public, who is
encouraged to experiment with the software, make improvements, and share the
improvements with the user community
Application Software for Individual Use
The thousands of application programs that individuals use to perform computing tasks at
work and at home can be grouped into four types:
• Productivity software
• Software for household use
• Graphics and multimedia software
• Communication software
Productivity Software
Productivity software is designed to improve efficiency and performance on the job and at home, and is the largest category of application software for individual use.
Word Processing A word processing program can be used to create almost any kind of printed
document. Word processors are the most widely used of all software applications because they
are central to communication. Whatever the type of document created with a word processing
program, the essential parts of the procedure remain the same:
• create (enter) text
• edit the text
• format the document
• save and print the file
Desktop Publishing
Desktop publishing (DTP) software allows users to create impressive documents that
include text, drawings, photographs, and various graphics elements in full color. Professionalquality
publications can be produced with DTP software. Textbooks such as this one may be
designed and laid out with a desktop publishing application such as PageMaker,
QuarkXpress, or Adobe InDesign.
Spreadsheets
Spreadsheet software is an electronic version of the ruled worksheets accountants used in
the past. Spreadsheet software provides a means of organizing, calculating, and presenting
financial, statistical, and other numerical information. Businesses find spreadsheets
particularly useful for evaluating alternative scenarios. By entering various data values and
formulas into a spreadsheet, questions can be answered quickly and accurately.
For the individual user, spreadsheets fulfill many purposes, including:
• preparing and analyzing personal or business budgets
• reconciling checkbooks
• analyzing financial situations
• tracking and analyzing investments
• preparing personal financial statements
• estimating taxes
Database Management
In a computerized database system, data are stored in electronic form on a storage
medium, such as hard or floppy disks or CDs. A database is a collection of data organized in
one or more tables consisting of individual pieces of information, each located in a field, and
a collection of related fields, each collection making up one record (see Figure 5-1). A
commercial database program typically allows users to create a form for entering data. A user
can design an electronic form to make entering information into the database easier. The
information entered using such a form will become a record in a table. Users can add,
remove, or change the stored data.
Presentation Graphics
Presentation graphics software allows users to create computerized slide shows that
combine text, numbers, animation, graphics, sounds, and videos. A slide is an individual
document that is created in presentation graphics software. A slide show may consist of any
number of individual slides. For example, an instructor may use a slide show to accompany a
lecture to make it more engaging and informative. Microsoft PowerPoint and Corel
Presentations are two popular presentation software programs.
Software for Household Use

Numerous software applications designed for use in the household are available for
purchase. Among the many products available are applications for managing personal
finances, preparing tax returns, preparing legal documents, playing games, and education and
reference.
Graphics and Multimedia Software
Graphics and multimedia software allows both professional and home users to work with
graphics, video, and audio. A variety of applications software is focused in this area,
including painting and drawing software, image-editing software, video and audio editing
software, Web authoring software, and computer-aided design (CAD) software.
Communications Software
One of the major reasons people use computers is to communicate with others and to
retrieve and share information. Communications software allows users to send and receive email,
browse and search the Web, engage in group communications and discussions, and
participate in videoconferencing activities.
1. Automatic Multimedia Tagging Software
2. Advances in Speech Recognition Software
3. Pattern Recognition Software
4. Distributed Computing
System Software:
(1) When you switch on the computer the programs written in ROM is executed
which activates different units of your computer and makes it ready for you
to work.
(2) This set of programs can be called system software.
(3) System software are general programs designed for performing tasks such as
controlling all operations required to move data into and out of the computer
(4) System Software allows application packages to be run on the computer.
(5) Computer manufactures build and supply this system software with the
computer system.
An operating system is the most important piece of software on a personal computer. The
location of the operating system identifies the boot drive for the personal computer, which is
typically the hard drive. Once started, the operating system manages the computer system and
performs functions related to the input, processing, output, and storage of information,
including:
• Managing main memory, or RAM
• Configuring and controlling peripheral devices
• Managing essential file operations, including formatting or copying disks, and
renaming or deleting files
• Monitoring system performance
• Providing a user interface
2. State different language translators and explain their functions?
(a) Compiler:
A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code
written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language
(the target language, often having a binary form known as object code).
(b) Loader:
In a computer operating system, a loader is a component that locates a given program
(which can be an application or, in some cases, part of the operating system itself) in offline
storage (such as a hard disk), loads it into main storage (in a personal computer, it's called
random access memory), and gives that program control of the computer (allows it to execute
its instruction s).
A program that is loaded may itself contain components that are not initially loaded into
main storage, but can be loaded if and when their logic is needed. In a multitasking operating
system, a program that is sometimes called a dispatcher juggles the computer processor's time
among different tasks and calls the loader when a program associated with a task is not
already in main storage.
(c) Linker:
Also called link editor and binder, a linker is a program that combines object modules to
form an executable program. Many programming languages allow you to write different
pieces of code, called modules, separately. This simplifies the programming task because
you can break a large program into small, more manageable pieces. Eventually, though, you
need to put all the modules together. This is the job of the linker. In addition to combining
modules, a linker also replaces symbolic addresses with real addresses. Therefore, you may
need to link a program even if it contains only one module.
The linkage editor accepts two major types of input:
• Primary input, consisting of object decks and linkage editor control statements.
• Additional user-specified input, which can contain both object decks and control
statements, or load modules. This input is either specified by you as input, or is
incorporated automatically by the linkage editor from a call library.
Output of the linkage editor is of two types:
• A load module placed in a library (a partitioned data set) as a named member
• Diagnostic output produced as a sequential data set.
• The loader prepares the executable program in storage and passes control to it directly.
(d) Interpreter:
An interpreter normally means a computer program that executes, i.e. performs,
instructions written in a programming language. An interpreter may be a program that either
Ø executes the source code directly
Ø translates source code into some efficient intermediate representation (code) and
immediately executes this
Ø explicitly executes stored precompiled code made by a compiler which is part of the
interpreter system
(e) Assembler:
An assembler translates an assembly language source program into machine codes.
Though the assembly language is the symbolic representation of machine codes, a computer
cannot understand it. After translating the assembly language program into machine codes by the
assembler, the program becomes ready for the execution.

3. Explain in detail the steps involved in Software Development Process?
Software development life cycle model is also called as waterfall model which is followed by
majority of systems. This software development life cycle process has the following seven stages
in it namely
1. System Requirements Analysis
2. Feasibility study
3. Systems Analysis and Design
4. Code Generation
5. Testing
6. Maintenance
7. Implementation
1. System Requirements Analysis:
The first essential or vital thing required for any software development is system.
Also the system requirement may vary based on the software product that is going to
get developed. So a careful analysis has to be made about the system requirement
needed for the development of the product. After the analysis and design of the system
requirement phase the system required for the development would be complete and the
concentration can be on the software development process.
2. Feasibility study:
After making an analysis in the system requirement the next step is to make analysis of the software requirement. In other words feasibility study is also called as software requirement analysis. In this phase development team has to make
communication with customers and make analysis of their requirement and analyze the
system. By making analysis this way it would be possible to make a report of
identified area of problem. By making a detailed analysis on this area a detailed
document or report is prepared in this phase which has details like project plan or
schedule of the project, the cost estimated for developing and executing the system,
target dates for each phase of delivery of system developed and so on. This phase is the base of software development process since further steps taken in software
development life cycle would be based on the analysis made on this phase and so
careful analysis has to be made in this phase.
3. Systems Analysis and Design:
This is an important phase in system development .Here analysis is made on the
design of the system that is going to be developed. In other words database design, the
design of the architecture chosen, functional specification design, low level design
documents, high level design documents and so on takes place. Care must be taken to
prepare these design documents because the next phases namely the development
phase is based on these design documents. If a well structured and analyzed design
document is prepared it would reduce the time taken in the coming steps namely
development and testing phases of the software development life cycle.
4. Code Generation:
This is the phase where actual development of the system takes place. That is
based on the design documents prepared in the earlier phase code is written in the
programming technology chosen. After the code is developed generation of code also
takes place in this phase. In other words the code is converted into executables in this
phase after code generation.
5. Testing:
A software or system which is not tested would be of poor quality. This is
because this is the phase where system developed would be tested and reports are
prepared about bugs or errors in system. To do this testing phase there are different
levels and methods of testing like unit testing, system test and so on. Based on the
need the testing methods are chosen and reports are prepared about bugs. After this
process the system again goes to development phase for correction of errors and again
tested. This process continues until the system is found to be error free. To ease the
testing process debuggers or testing tools are also available.
To develop reliable and good quality Program/Software we need to follow the
following 5 steps :
1. Requirement Specification.
2. Analysis.
3. Design.
4. Implementation.
5. Verification and testing.
4. Write a short note on evolution of Internet?
(FEB2009/FEB2010)
• The Internet is a network of networks
• Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world
• In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world
• Information in every field starting from education, science, health, medicine,
history, and geography to business, news, etc. can be retrieved through Internet
• You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the
world
• In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called ARPANET

(Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )
• Around 1970, NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created. With
the advancement of modern communication facilities,
• By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet
• Internet is not a governmental organization.
• The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society.
• This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global
information exchange.
• Internet has more than one million computers attached to it.
• Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and
workstations were developed to get connected to LAN.
• Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with
each other with NCP (National Control Protocol).
• Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for
communication.
• Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) in to the world of networking
• The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head, no
official censors, no bosses, and no board of directors. Nobody controls the Internet
and in principle, any computer can speak to any other computer, as long as it obeys
the technical rules of the TCP/IP protocol.
• This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and
research institutions, into elementary and high schools, colleges, public libraries,
commercial sectors.
5. Explain various types of Internet Connections?
(a) Cable Modem Broadband
A connection through an ordinary coax cable through your digital cable provider is the
easiest and most common way to connect to the Internet at high speeds. Most connections
average about 400K/second download and 128K upload. Cable's largest advantage is its
availability and ability to produce multiple upstreams (when sending). The biggest downside to a
cable connection is the slow-downs you'll experience during gluts of service when several people
are sharing the network. Expect to pay around $40 per month for this service.
(b) Digital Subscriber Link (DSL)
This is a connection using your phone line and a special modem. You have to be within so
many feet of a phone station "hub" and your line has to be of a newer type to qualify. Good
portions of the population (especially in urban areas) match these criteria and can get a DSL
connection. The modem uses a sound frequency well above the human ear's limits and will not
interfere with normal telephone operation. Most connections average about 400-650K per second
in download (some are faster) while anywhere from 128-256K in upload speed is available as
well. The biggest downside to this type of connection is the availability. The biggest boon to this
technology is its reliability and that network slow-downs are less common than with a cable
connection.
(c) Satellite (HST)
This is the most expensive alternative for getting a high-speed connection to the Internet.
These come in two varieties, 1-way and 2-way. One-way satellites are like television receivers:
they only accept signals. You'll still have to use your modem to connect for uploads. A 2-way

connection, however, both sends and receives and is telephone-free.
Average speeds for this type of connection are 600K and higher for download and 128K for the
upload. Averages tend to be higher because there are far fewer users on the network to slow
things down. The biggest up side to this technology is that it is available just about everywhere.
The biggest downside to this type of connection is two-fold: price and reliability. Expect to
spend $600 or more for the equipment and another $50 or more a month for the connection.
6. Define various Internet Terminologies? (At least 15 terms) (MAY 2009)
1. Modem
2. Web page
3. Web browser
4. Web site
5. Blogs
6. Home page
7. URL
8. IP Address
9. ISP
10. WWW
11. Intranet
12. Internet protocol
13. Domain Name System
14. Web sever
15. Email
16. Email Address
17. Hyperlink
18. Usenet
19. Internet Search Engine
20. Internet Chat
7. Explain various Internet applications?
(or)

Explain the Internet services in detail. (MAY 2009 / FEB2010)
1. World Wide Web:
World Wide Web is abbreviated as WWW, web or W3. This is a
multimedia service which is most popular on internet. WWW content displays as a page.
Along with text formatted in various fonts, styles, colors, and sizes, the pages may also
contain pictures, images, animation, sound, video, movies in a single interface. The WWW is
the fast growing part of the internet.
2. Rich Internet Application
Rich Internet Applications (RIA) are web applications that have the features and
functionality of traditional desktop applications. RIA's typically transfer the processing
necessary for the user interface to the web client but keep the bulk of the data (i.e maintaining
the state of the program, the data etc) back on the application server.
RIA's typically:
• run in a web browser, or do not require software installation
• run locally in a secure environment called a sandbox
3. Electronic Mail (E-mail)
E-mail is the fast, easy and inexpensive way to communicate with other internet users
around the world. E-mail can also be used to send or receive documents, images, audio-video
etc., as an attachment along with the mail.
4. File Transfer Protocol:
FTP is a method of transferring files from one computer to another, connected on the
internet. It is system of rules and software program that enables user to transfer information
between computers. The uploading and downloading of files from the remote computer is
possible using FTP if the remote machine access is permitted.
5. Telnet:
The word ‘telnet’ is derived by combining the words telecommunication and network. Telnet
is a protocol which provides the capability to log onto a remote computer. Hence it is called a
‘remote login’. When you connect your computer to another computer using telnet, we can
interact with another computer. The computer on which we are working is called as a local
computer.
6. Internet Relay Chat: (IRC):
IRC is the service provided by the internet to allow users on the internet to communicate and

carry on conversations with other users via the computer. The simultaneous online
conversations with other users from anywhere in the world are possible using IRC.
Requirements for IRC:
1. The users for communication must be connected to the internet at the same time.
2. They must run the right software.
3. They must actively participate in chatting
Types of conversations:
Public
Allows every user in the channel to see what the user types.
Private

Allows to see messages only to two users who may or may not be on same channel.
Examples: mIRC, Virc, LeafChat.
7. Chatting and Instant Messaging:
The users on the internet communicate with each other by tying in real time. This is called chatting. The chat programs allow chatting.
Advantages of chatting:
• It is quite cheap.
• Unlike E-mail, it is done on real time.
• Unlike IRC, the user does not need to have any special software to connect to any caht rooms.
8. Internet Telephony:
The internet telephony is used to exchange telephonic information using internet. It needs
hardware and software. When the internet is used as a transmission medium with requested
hardware and software for telephone calls, it is called ‘internet telephony’.
It consists of:
• End Devices: Traditional telephones or audio equipped personal computers.
• Gatekeepers: provide call admission control, bandwidth management; address
translation, authentication and user location.
• Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP): This is required for communication.
9. Video Conferencing:
The video conferencing system allows the users at remote locations to communicate
using a combination of text, audio and video information. Thus, it enables direct face-to-face
communication across networks.
Types:
• Point-to-point: It allows communication between two parties at remote locations.
• Multi-point: It allows communication which involves more than two parties.
Communication Tools:
• Camera
• Visual Display
• Audio System
• Microphones
• Loud Speakers
• Compression
• User Interface
• Control System
10. Commerce through Internet:
Electronic communication technologies are used to transmit business information and
transact business. This type of business model is called electronic Commerce or E-commerce
or EC. Buying and selling of goods and services online is called E-commerce.
The information is exchanged digitally to conduct the business which includes Electronic
Data Interchange (EDI) AND Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT).
Advantages of E-commerce:
• It has established an electronic global worldwide market.
• The market operates 24 hours and 365 days a year.

• Organizations and individuals are able to market goods and services.
• The purchasing is supported by secure facilities such as digital signature and
encryption.
11. Newsgroups: (Usenet):
Newsgroups are international groups which concentrate on a particular topic and try to gather information about the topic. Newsgroups usually describe topical discussion groups and not the traditional ‘News’. Thus newsgroups provide a source of information. For any particular topic, the interested people write news on that topic and post the written information or articles to the newsgroups. The other interested people can read, reply and comment on them.
Thus, newsgroups act as a medium through which users can get information, they can take part in the discussion on the interested topic and can ask questions from the internet
community.
12. Mailing Lists (List server):
The mailing list is a method of internet communication which enables people with similar interests from all over the world to communicate and share information with each other. The administration of the mailing list groups is performed by software called ‘list server’.
A list server continuously observes for incoming mail on a certain mailbox. If any message is received, the listener forwards it to a list of other addresses. The user must have an
E-mail account and list server software loaded on his computer. The user has to send a message from his E-mail account to the desired list server located on computer networks
throughout the world. When the user subscribes to a list server, messages from the other subscribers are automatically sent to his/her E-mail address.
 

8. Brief the major problems encountered in the software system?
(a) Correctness:
The correctness of the software system refers to
• Agreement of program code with specification.
• Independence of the actual application of the software system.
(b) Reliability
Reliability of a software system is defined as the probability that this system fulfills a
function for a specified number of input trails under specified input conditions in a specified
time interval.
Also if the test produces the lower error rate the system is reliable. The error rate
depends on the frequency of inputs and on the probability that an individual input will lead to
error.
(c) User Friendliness
Adequacy
• The input required for the user should be limited to only what is necessary.
• The performance offered by the software system should be adapted to extensibility.
• The results that a software system delivers should be output in a clear and wellstructured
form and be easy be interpret.
Learnability
• The user interface should present more information as close to reality as possible and
permit efficient utilization of the software’s failures.

• The user manual should be structured clearly and simply.
(d) Robustness
A software system is robust if the consequences of an error in its operation, in the
input, or in the hardware, in relation to a given application, and inversely proportional to
the probability of the occurrence of this error in the given application.
(e) Maintainability
The maintainability of the software depends on
• Readability
• Extensibility
• Testability
(f) Readability
It depends on
• Form of representation
• Programming style
• Consistency
• Structure of the program
• Programming language used
• Quality of documentation
• Tools available for inspection
(e) Extensibility
It depends on
• Structure of the software system
• Readability of the code
• Availability of program documentation
• Implementation program
(f) Testability
Allows to debugging of the program during execution.
It depends on
Modularity: well-structured programs suitable for stepwise testing
Structuredness: Useful for systematic testing of all components.
(g) Efficiency
Ability of a software system to fulfill its purpose with the best possible
utilization of all necessary resources (time, storage, transmission, channels and
peripherals)
(h) Portability
A software system which can be adapted to run on computers other than the one which it was designed.
It depends on
i. Degree of hardware independence
ii. Implementation language
iii. Specialized system functions
iv. Hardware properties
v. System d e p e n d e n t e l em e n t s a r e c o l l e c t e d i n e a s i l y
i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e program components.
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