Monday 20 May 2013

FCCP UNIT V FUNCTIONS AND POINTERS

UNIT V
FUNCTIONS AND POINTERS
Handling of Character Strings – User-defined Functions – Definitions – Declarations -
Call by reference – Call by value – Structures and Unions – Pointers – Arrays – The
Preprocessor – Developing a C Program : Some Guidelines.
 
2 MARKS
1. What is meant by Recursive function?
If a function calls itself again and again, then that function is called Recursive
function.
2. What is an array?
An array is a group of similar data types stored under a common name.
int a[10];
Here a[10] is an array with 10 values.
3. What is a Pointer? How a variable is declared to the pointer? (MAY 2009)
Pointer is a variable which holds the address of another variable.
Pointer Declaration:
datatype *variable-name;
Example:
int *x, c=5;
x=&a;
4. What are the uses of Pointers?
· Pointers are used to return more than one value to the function
· Pointers are more efficient in handling the data in arrays
· Pointers reduce the length and complexity of the program
· They increase the execution speed
· The pointers saves data storage space in memory
5. What is the output of the program?
main() junk(int i, int j)
{ {
int i=5;j=2; i=i*j;
junk(i,j); j=i*j;
printf(“\n %d %d”,i,j); }
}
Output:
1. 2
2.
6. What are * and & operators means?
‘*’ operator means ‘value at the address’
‘&’ operator means ‘address of’
7. What is meant by Preprocessor?
Preprocessor is the program, that process our source program before the compilation.

8. How can you return more than one value from a function?
A Function returns only one value. By using pointer we can return more than one value.
9. Is it possible to place a return statement anywhere in ‘C’ program?
Yes. The return statement can occur anywhere.
10. What are the main elements of an array declaration?
· Array name
· Type and
· Size

11. List the header files in ‘C’ language.
<stdio.h> contains standard I/O functions
<ctype.h> contains character handling functions
<stdlib.h> contains general utility functions
<string.h> contains string manipulation functions
<math.h> contains mathematical functions
<time.h> contains time manipulation functions
12. What are the steps involved in program development life cycle?
1. Program Design
2. Program Coding
3. Program Testing & Debugging
13. What are the types of errors occurred in C program?
1. Syntax errors
2. Runtime errors
3. Logical errors
4. Latent errors
14. What is testing?
Testing is the process of executing the program with sample or tested data.
15. What are the types of testing?
· Human testing
· Computer based testing
16. How do you define enumerated data type?
enum mar_status
{ single,married,widow };
enum mar_status person1,person2;
person1=married;
Here the person1 is assigned to value zero.
17. What is meant by debugging?
Debugging is the process of locating and isolating the errors.
18. Specify any five syntax error messages.
· Missing semicolon
· Missing braces
· Missing quotes
· Improper comment characters
· Undeclared variables
19. What are the pre-processor directives?
· Macro Inclusion
· Conditional Inclusion
· File Inclusion
20. What is dynamic memory allocation?
Allocating the memory at run time is called as dynamic memory allocation.
21. What are the various dynamic memory allocation functions?
malloc() - Used to allocate blocks of memory in required size of bytes.
free() - Used to release previously allocated memory space.
calloc() - Used to allocate memory space for an array of elements.
realloac() - Used to modify the size of the previously allocated memory space.
22. What is the deference between declaring a variable and defining a variable?
· Declaring a variable means describing its type to the compiler but not allocating any
space for it.
· Defining a variable means declaring it and also allocating space to hold the variable. A
variable
· Can also be initialized at the time it is defined. To put it simply, a declaration says to the
compiler,
· “Some where in the program there will be a variable with this name, and this is the kind
of data
· Type it is.” On the other hand, a definition says, “Right here is this variable with this
name and
· This data type”. Note that a variable can be declared any number of times, but it must be
defied
· Exactly once. For this reason, definitions do not belong in header files, where they
might get #included into more than one place in a program.
23. Why does n++ execute than n=n+1?
The expression n++ requires a single machine instruction such as INR to carry
out the increment operation whereas; n+1 requires more instructions to carry out this
operation.
24. Why is it necessary to give the size of an array in an array declaration?
When an array is declared, the compiler allocates a base address and reserves enough
space in the memory for all the elements of the array. The size is required to allocate the required
space. Thus, the size must be mentioned.
25. Where in memory are variables stored?
Variables can be stored in several places in memory, depending on their lifetime.
(1) Variables that are defined outside any function (whether of global or file static scope),
and variables that are defined inside a function as static variables, exist for the lifetime of the
program’s execution. These variables are stored in the data segment. The data segment is a
fixed-size area in memory set aside for these variables.
(2) Variables that are the arguments functions exist only during the execution of that function. These variables are stored on the stack. The stack is an area of memory that starts out as small and grows automatically up to some predefined limit.
(3) The third area is the one that does not actually store variables but can be used to store data pointed to by variables. Pointer variables that are assigned to the result of a call to the
function malloc() contain the address of a dynamically allocated area of memory. This memory is in an area called the heap.
26. What is an heap memory?
The heap is another area that starts out as small and grows, but it grows only when the programmer explicitly calls malloc() or other memory allocation functions, such as calloc(). The heap can share a memory segment with either the data segment or the stack, or it can have its own segment, it all depends on the compiler options and operating system. The heap, like the stack, has a limit on how much it can grow, and the same rules apply as to how that limit is determined.
27. What is the difference between an array and pointer?
Difference between arrays and pointers are as follows.
Array Pointer
1.Array allocates space
automatically.
2.It cannot be resized.
3.It cannot be reassigned.
4.Size of(array name) gives the number of bytes occupied by the
array.
1.Pointer is explicitly assigned to point to an allocated space.
2.It can be resized using realloc ().
3.Pointers can be reassigned.
4.Sezeof(pointer name) returns the number of bytes used to store the pointer variable.
27. What is the purpose of the function main()? (MAY 2009)
The function main () invokes other functions within it. It is the first function to be called when the program starts execution.
Some salient points about main() are as follows:
1. It is the starting function .
2. It returns an int value to the environment that called the program.
3. Recursive call is allowed for main() also.
4. It is a user-defined function.
5. Program exection ends when the closing brace of the function main() is reached.
6. It has two arguments (a) argument count and (b)argument vector (reprensents strings passed.)
7. Any user-defined name can also be used as parameters for main() instead of argc and argv
28. What is dangling pointer?
In C, a pointer may be used to hold the address of dynamically allocated memory.
After this memory is freed with the free() function, the pointer itself will still contain the
address of the released block. This is referred to as a dangling pointer. Using the pointer in this state is a serious programming error. Pointer should be assigned NULL after freeing
memory to avoid this bug.
29. Compare arrays and structures.
Comparison of arrays and structures is as follows.
Arrays Structures
An array is a collection of data items of same data type.
Arrays can only be declared.
There is no keyword for arrays.
An array name represents the address of
the starting element.
An array cannot have bit fields.
A structure is a collection of data items of
different data types.
Structures can be declared and defined.
The Keyword for structures is struct.
A structrure name is known as tag. It is a shorthand notation of the declaration.
A structure may contain bit fields.
30. Compare structures and unions.
Structure Union
Every member has its own memory.
The keyword used is struct.
All members occupy separate memory
location, hence different interpretations of
the same memory location are not possible.
Consumes more space compared to union.
All members use the same memory.
The keyword used is union.Different interpretations for the same memory location are possible.Conservation of memory is possible.
31. Is it better to use a macro or a function?
Macros are more efficient (and faster) than function, because their corresponding code is inserted directly at the point where the macro is called. There is no overhead involved in using a macro like there is in placing a call to a function.
However, macros are generally small and cannot handle large, complex coding constructs. In cases where large, complex constructs are to handled, functions are more suited, additionally; macros are expanded inline, which means that the code is replicated for each occurrence of a macro.
32. List the characteristics of Arrays.
All elements of an array share the same name, and they are distinguished form one
another with help of an element number.
Any particular element of an array can be modified separately without disturbing
other elements.
33. What are the types of Arrays?
1.One-Dimensional Array
2. Two-Dimensional Array
3. Multi-Dimensional Array
34. What is the use of ‘\0’ character?
When declaring character arrays (strings), ‘\0’ (NULL) character is automatically added
at end. The ‘\0’ character acts as an end of character array.
35. Define sscanf() and sprint() functions.
The sscanf():
This function allows to read character from a character Array and writes to another array.
Similar to scanf(), but instead of reading from standard input, it reads from an array.
The sprintf():
This function writes the values of any data type to an array of characters.
36. Define Strings.
Strings:
The group of characters, digit and symnbols enclosed within quotes is called as Stirng
(or) character Arrays. Strings are always terminated with ‘\0’ (NULL) character. The compiler
automatically adds ‘\0’ at the end of the strings.
Example:
char name[]={‘C’,’O’,’L’,’L’,’E’,’G’,’E’,’E’,’\0’};
The character of a string are stored in contiguous memory locations as follows:
C
O
L
L
E
G
E
\0
1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007
37. What is the use of ‘typedef’’?
It is used to create a new data using the existing type.
Syntax: typedef data type name;
Example:
typedef int hours: hours hrs;/* Now, hours can be used as new datatype */
38. What is ‘C’ functions? Why they are used?
A function is a self-contained block (or) a sub-program of one or more statements that
performs a special task when called. To perform a task repetitively then it is not necessary to
re-write the particular block of the program again and again. The function defined can be
used for any number of times to perform the task.
39. Differentiate library functions and User-defined functions.
Library Functions
User-defined Functions
a) Library functions are pre-defined set of
functions that are defined in C
libraries.
b) User can only use the function but
cannot change (or) modify this
function.
a) The User-defined functions are the
functions defined by the user
according to his/her requirement.
b) User can use this type of function.
User can also modify this function.
40. What are the steps in writing a function in a program.
a) Function Declaration (Prototype declaration):
Every user-defined functions has to be declared before the main().
b) Function Callings:
The user-defined functions can be called inside any functions like main(),
user-defined function, etc.
c) Function Definition:
The function definition block is used to define the user-defined functions with
statements.
41. What is a use of ‘return’ Keyword?
The ‘return’ Keyword is used only when a function returns a value.
42. Give the syntax for using user-defined functions in a
program.
Syntax for using user-defined functions in a program
Syntax:
function declaration; function definition;
main() main()
{ {
====== ======
function calling; (or) function calling;
====== ======
} }
function definition;
43. Classify the functions based on arguments and return values.
Depending on the arguments and return values, functions are classified into four types.
a) Function without arguments and return
values.
b) Function with arguments but without return
values. c) Function without arguments but with
return values. d) Function with arguments and
return values.
44. Distinguish between Call by value Call by reference.
Call by value
Call by reference.
a) In call by value, the value of actual
agreements is passed to the formal
arguments and the operation is done on
formal arguments.
b) Formal arguments values are
photocopies of actual arguments
values.
c) Changes made in formal arguments
valued do not affect the actual
arguments values.
a) In call by reference, the address of
actual argurment values is passed to
formal argument values.
b) Formal arguments values are pointers
to the actual argument values.
c) Since Address is passed, the changes
made in the both arguments values are
permanent.
 
12 MARKS
1. What are functions? Explain the types of functions in detail with an example
program for each type.
A function is a self contained block or a sub program of one or more statements
that performs a special task when called.
Types:
· Library Functions
· User Defined functions
(a) Function Declaration
returntype function-name(Parameters);
Example:
int square(int, int);
(b) Function calling
function-name(actual parameters);
Example:
int square(a,b);
(c) Function Definition:
returntype function-name(formal parameters)
{
}
Example:
local variable declaration;
statement 1;
statement 2;
return(value);
void square(int a, int b)
{
printf(“%d”,(a*b));
}
Example for functions:
· Addition of two numbers where addition is a separate function
· Program using function for evaluating Fibonacci series.
2. Define arrays. Explain the array types with an example program for each type.
Arrays are data structures which hold multiple variables of the same data type.
Consider the case where a programmer needs to keep track of a number of people within
an organization. So far, our initial attempt will be to create a specific variable for each
user.
This might look like,
int name1 = 101;
int name2 = 232;
int name3 = 231;
It becomes increasingly more difficult to keep track of this as the number of
variables increase. Arrays offer a solution to this problem. An array is a multi-element
box, a bit like a filing cabinet, and uses an indexing system to find each variable stored
within it. In C, indexing starts at zero. Arrays, like other variables in C, must be declared
before they can be used. The replacement of the above example using arrays looks like,
int names[4];
names[0] = 101;
names[1] = 232;
names[2] = 231;
names[3] = 0;
We created an array called names, which has space for four integer variables. You
may also see that we stored 0 in the last space of the array. This is a common technique
used by C programmers to signify the end of an array. Arrays have the following syntax,
using square brackets to access each indexed value (called an element).
x[i]
so that x[5] refers to the sixth element in an array called x. In C, array elements
start with 0. Assigning values to array elements is done by,
x[10] = g; and assigning array elements to a variable is done by,
g = x[10];
In the following example, a character based array named word is declared, and each
element is assigned a character. The last element is filled with a zero value, to signify the
end of the character string (in C, there is no string type, so character based arrays are
used to hold strings). A printf statement is then used to print out all elements of the array.
/* Introducing array's, 2 */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char word[20];
word[0] = 'H';
word[1] = 'e';
word[2] = 'l';
word[3] = 'l';
word[4] = 'o';
word[5] = 0;
printf("The contents of word[] is -->%s\n", word );
}
DECLARING ARRAYS
Arrays may consist of any of the valid data types. Arrays are declared along with
all other variables in the declaration section of the program.
/* Introducing array's */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int numbers[100];
float averages[20];
numbers[2] = 10;
--numbers[2];
printf("The 3rd element of array numbers is %d\n", numbers[2]);
}
The above program declares two arrays, assigns 10 to the value of the 3rd
element of array numbers, decrements this value ( --numbers[2] ), and finally prints the
value. The number of elements that each array is to have is included inside the square
brackets
ASSIGNING INITIAL VALUES TO ARRAYS
The declaration is preceded by the word static. The initial values are enclosed in braces,
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int x;
static int values[] = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 };
static char word[] = { 'H','e','l','l','o' };
for( x = 0; x < 9; ++x )
printf("Values [%d] is %d\n", x, values[x]);
}
MULTI DIMENSIONED ARRAYS
Multi-dimensioned arrays have two or more index values which specify the
element in the array.
multi[i][j];
In the above example, the first index value i specifies a row index, whilst j
specifies a column index.
DECLARATION
int m1[10][10];
static int m2[2][2] = { {0,1}, {2,3} };
sum = m1[i][j] + m2[k][l];
NOTE the strange way that the initial values have been assigned to the
two-dimensional array m2. Inside the braces are,
{ 0, 1 },
{ 2, 3 }
Remember that arrays are split up into row and columns. The first is the row, the
second is the column. Looking at the initial values assigned to m2, they are,
m2[0][0] = 0
m2[0][1] = 1
m2[1][0] = 2
m2[1][1] = 3
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
static int m[][] = { {10,5,-3}, {9, 0, 0}, {32,20,1}, {0,0,8} };
int row, column, sum;
sum = 0;
for( row = 0; row < 4; row++ )
for( column = 0; column < 3; column++ )
sum = sum + m[row][column];
printf("The total is %d\n", sum );
}
CHARACTER ARRAYS [STRINGS]
Consider the following program,
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
static char name1[] = {'H','e','l','l','o'};
static char name2[] = "Hello";
printf("%s\n", name1);
printf("%s\n", name2);
}
The difference between the two arrays is that name2 has a null placed at the end
of the string, ie, in name2[5], whilst name1 has not. To insert a null at the end of the
name1 array, the initialization can be changed to,
static char name1[] = {'H','e','l','l','o','\0'};
Consider the following program, which initialises the contents of the character based
array word during the program, using the function strcpy, which necessitates using the
include file string.h
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
main()
{
char word[20];
strcpy( word,
"hi there." );
printf("%s\n", word );
}
3. Explain the standard string functions with example to support each type.
Strings:
The group of characters, digits and symbols enclosed within quotes is called as strings or
character arrays. Strings are always terminated with ‘\0’ character(NULL).
Example:
char name[ ] = {‘H’,’E’,’L’,’L’,’O’};
Standard String Functions:
· strlen( )
· strcpy( )
· strncpy( )
· stricmp( )
· strcmp( )
· strncmp( )
· strcat( )
· strrev( ) etc.,
Example program:
· To read and display a string.
· Program to count the number of lines, words and characters in a text.
4. What are pointers? When and why they are used? Explain in detail with sample
programs. (JAN 2009/MAY 2009)
Pointer variable is needed to store the memory address of any variable. Denoted by
(*) asterisk.
Pointer Declaration:
Syntax:
datatype *variable-name;
Exmaple:
int *a;
· Pointers and Arrays
· Pointers and Strings
· Pointer as function arguments
· Pointer too pointer
Example program:
· To add two numbers through variables and their pointers.
· To assign a pointer value to another variable.
5. Describe in detail about the Preprocessors in C. (MAY 2009)
THE PREPROCESSOR
The define statement is used to make programs more readable, and allow the
inclusion of macros. Consider the following examples,
#define TRUE 1 /* Do not use a semi-colon , # must be first character on line */
#define FALSE 0
#define NULL 0
#define AND &
#define OR |
#define EQUALS ==
game_over = TRUE;
while( list_pointer != NULL )
................
MACROS
Macros are inline code which are substituted at compile time. The definition of a
macro, which accepts an argument when referenced,
#define SQUARE(x) (x)*(x)
y = SQUARE(v);
In this case, v is equated with x in the macro definition of square, so the variable
y is assigned the square of v. The brackets in the macro definition of square are
necessary for correct evaluation.
The expansion of the macro becomes
y = (v) * (v);
Naturally, macro definitions can also contain other macro definitions,
#define IS_LOWERCASE(x) (( (x)>='a') && ( (x) <='z') )
#define TO_UPPERCASE(x) (IS_LOWERCASE (x)?(x)-'a'+'A':(x))
while(*string) {
*string = TO_UPPERCASE (*string);
++string;
}
CONDITIONAL COMPILATIONS
These are used to direct the compiler to compile/or not compile the lines that
follow
#ifdef NULL
#define NL 10
#define SP 32
#endif
In the preceding case, the definition of NL and SP will only occur if NULL has
been defined prior to the compiler encountering the #ifdef NULL statement. The scope
of a definition may be limited by
#undef NULL
This renders the identification of NULL invalid from that point onwards in the
source file.
Typedef
This statement is used to classify existing C data types, eg,
typedef int counter; /* redefines counter as an integer */
counter j, n; /* counter now used to define j and n as integers */
typedef struct {
int month, day, year;
} DATE;
DATE todays_date; /* same as struct date todays_date */
ENUMERATED DATA TYPES
Enumerated data type variables can only assume values which have been previously
declared.
enum month { jan = 1, feb, mar, apr, may, jun, jul, aug, sep, oct, nov, dec };
enum month this_month;
this_month = feb;
In the above declaration, month is declared as an enumerated data type. It consists of
a set of values, jan to dec. Numerically, jan is given the value 1, feb the value 2, and so on.
The variable this_month is declared to be of the same type as month, then is assigned the
value associated with feb. This_month cannot be assigned any values outside those specified
in the initialization list for the declaration of month.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char *pwest = "west",*pnorth = "north", *peast="east", *psouth = "south";
enum location { east=1, west=2, south=3, north=4};
enum location direction;
direction = east;
if( direction == east )
printf("Cannot go %s\n", peast);
}
The variables defined in the enumerated variable location should be assigned initial
values.
DECLARING VARIABLES TO BE REGISTER BASED
Some routines may be time or space critical. Variables can be defined as being
register based by the following declaration,
register int index;
DECLARING VARIABLES TO BE EXTERNAL
Here variables may exist in separately compiled modules, and to declare that the
variable is external,
extern int move_number;
This means that the data storage for the variable move_number resides in another
source
module, which will be linked with this module to form an executable program. In using a
variable across a number of independently compiled modules, space should be allocated in
only one module, whilst all other modules use the extern directive to access the variable.
NULL STATEMENTS
These are statements which do not have any body associated with them.
/* sums all integers in array a containing n elements and initializes */
/* two variables at the start of the for loop */
for( sum = 0, i = 0; i < n; sum += a[i++] )
;
/* Copies characters from standard input to standard output until EOF is reached */
for( ; (c = getchar ()) != EOF; putchar (c));
COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
It is possible to pass arguments to C programs when they are executed. The
brackets which follow main are used for this purpose. argc refers to the number of
arguments passed, and argv[] is a pointer array which points to each argument which is
passed to main. A simple example follows, which checks to see if a single argument is
supplied on the command line when the program is invoked.
#include <stdio.h>
main( int argc, char *argv[] )
{
if( argc == 2 )
printf("The argument supplied is %s\n", argv[1]);
else if( argc > 2 )
printf("Too many arguments supplied.\n");
else
printf("One argument expected.\n");
}
Note that *argv[0] is the name of the program invoked, which means that
*argv[1] is
a pointer to the first argument supplied, and *argv[n] is the last argument. If no arguments
are supplied, argc will be one. Thus for n arguments, argc will be equal to n + 1. The
program is called by the command line, myprog argument1.
6. Brief call by value and call by reference in detail. (MAY 2009)
Call by value:
In call by value the value of the actual arguments are passed to the formal
arguments and the operation is done on formal arguments.
Example program:
· To send two integer values using “call by value”.
Call by reference:
In call by reference the address of actual argument values are passed to formal
argument values.
Example program:
· To send a value by reference to user defined function.
7. Discuss about function prototypes in detail.
(or)
Explain about the different parameter passing methods with examples (JAN 2009)
· Function with arguments and return type.
· Function without arguments and return type.
· Function with arguments and no return type.
· Function without arguments and return type.
8. Define Structures. Explain structures in detail. (JAN 2009 / MAY2009)
A structure is a collection of one or more variables of different data types grouped together under a single name. It contains different data types.
Syntax:
struct struct-name
{
type variable 1;
type variable 2;
type variable n;
} structure_variables;
Example:
struct student
{
char name[25];
int rollno;
int m1,m2,m3,total;
float avg;
}s1,s2;
· Structure within structure
· Array of structures
· Pointers to structures
· Structures and functions
Example program:
· To define a structure and read the member variable values from user.
· To copy structure elements from one object to another object.
9. Define Union. Explain Union in detail. (JAN2009)
Union is a collection of variables similar to structure. The union requires bytes
that are equal to number of bytes required for the largest number.
Example:
union student
{
char name[20];
int rollno,m1,m2,m3,tot;
float avg;
}s1;
Union of structure
Union can be nested with another union.
Example program:
· Program to use structure within union. Display the contents of structure elements.
***********

FCCP UNIT IV INTRODUCTION TO C

UNIT IV
INTRODUCTION TO C

Overview of C – Constants, Variables and Data Types – Operators and Expressions– Managing Input and Output operators – Decision Making - Branching and Looping.

2 MARKS

1. What are the different data types available in ‘C’?
There are four basic data types available in ‘C’.
1. int
2. float
3. char
4. double
 
2. What are Keywords?
Keywords are certain reserved words that have standard and pre-defined meaning in
‘C’. These keywords can be used only for their intended purpose.
 
3. What is an Operator and Operand?
An operator is a symbol that specifies an operation to be performed on operands.
Example: *, +, -, / are called arithmetic operators.
The data items that operators act upon are called operands.
Example: a+b; In this statement a and b are called operands.
 
4. What is Ternary operators or Conditional operators?
Ternary operators is a conditional operator with symbols ? and :
Syntax: variable = exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
If the exp1 is true variable takes value of exp2. If the exp2 is false, variable takes the
value of exp3.
5. What are the Bitwise operators available in ‘C’?
& - Bitwise AND
| - Bitwise OR
~ - One’s Complement
>> - Right shift
<< - Left shift
^ - Bitwise XOR are called bit field operators
Example: k=~j; where ~ take one’s complement of j and the result is stored in k.
6. What are the logical operators available in ‘C’?
The logical operators available in ‘C’ are
&& - Logical AND
|| - Logical OR
! - Logical NOT
7. What is the difference between Logical AND and Bitwise AND?
Logical AND (&&): Only used in conjunction with two expressions, to test more than one condition. If both the conditions are true the returns 1. If false then
return
0.
AND (&): Only used in Bitwise manipulation. It is a unary operator.
8. What is the difference between ‘=’ and ‘==’ operator?
Where = is an assignment operator and == is a relational operator.
Example:
while (i=5) is an infinite loop because it is a non zero value and while (i==5) is
true only when i=5.
9. What is type casting?
Type casting is the process of converting the value of an expression to a
particular data type.
Example:
int x,y;
c = (float) x/y; where a and y are defined as integers. Then the result of x/y is converted
into float.
10. What is conversion specification?
The conversion specifications are used to accept or display the data using the
INPUT/OUTPUT statements.
11. What is the difference between ‘a’ and “a”?
‘a’ is a character constant and “a” is a string.
12. What is the difference between if and while statement?
if while
(i) It is a conditional statement (i) It is a loop control statement
(ii) If the condition is true, it executes
some statements.
(ii) Executes the statements within the
while block if the condition is true.
(iii) If the condition is false then it stops
the execution the statements.
(iii) If the condition is false the control is
transferred to the next statement of the
loop.
13. What is the difference between while loop and do…while loop?
In the while loop the condition is first executed. If the condition is true then it
executes the body of the loop. When the condition is false it comes of the loop. In the
do…while loop first the statement is executed and then the condition is checked. The
do…while loop will execute at least one time even though the condition is false at the
very first time.
14. What is a Modulo Operator?
‘%’ is modulo operator. It gives the remainder of an integer division
Example:
a=17, b=6. Then c=%b gives 5.
15. How many bytes are occupied by the int, char, float, long int and double?
int - 2 Bytes
char - 1 Byte
float - 4 Bytes
long int - 4 Bytes
double - 8 Bytes
16. What are the types of I/O statements available in ‘C’?
There are two types of I/O statements available in ‘C’.· Formatted I/O Statements
· Unformatted I/O Statements
17. What is the difference between ++a and a++?
++a means do the increment before the operation (pre increment)
a++ means do the increment after the operation (post increment)
Example:
a=5;
x=a++; /* assign x=5*/
y=a; /*now y assigns y=6*/
x=++a; /*assigns x=7*/
18. What is a String?
String is an array of characters.
19. What is a global variable?
The global variable is a variable that is declared outside of all the functions. The
global variable is stored in memory, the default value is zero. Scope of this variable is
available in all the functions. Life as long as the program’s execution doesn’t come to an end.
20. What are the Escape Sequences present in ‘C’
\n - New Line
\b - Backspace
\t - Form feed
\’ - Single quote
\\ - Backspace
\t - Tab
\r - Carriage return
\a - Alert
\” - Double quotes
21. Construct an infinite loop using while?
while (1)
{
}
Here 1 is a non zero, value so the condition is always true. So it is an infinite loop.
22. What will happen when you access the array more than its dimension?
When you access the array more than its dimensions some garbage value is stored in the array.
23. Write the limitations of getchar( ) and sacnf( ) functions for reading strings (JAN 2009)
getchar( )
To read a single character from stdin, then getchar() is the appropriate.
scanf( )
scanf( ) allows to read more than just a single character at a time.
24. What is the difference between scanf() and gets() function?
In scanf() when there is a blank was typed, the scanf() assumes that it is an end.
gets() assumes the enter key as end. That is gets() gets a new line (\n) terminated string
of characters from the keyboard and replaces the ‘\n’ with ‘\0’.
25. What is a Structure?
Structure is a group name in which dissimilar data’s are grouped together.
26. What is meant by Control String in Input/Output Statements?
Control Statements contains the format code characters, specifies the type of
data that the user accessed within the Input/Output statements.
27. What is Union?
Union is a group name used to define dissimilar data types. The union occupies
only the maximum byte of the data type. If you declare integer and character, then the
union occupies only 2 bytes, whereas structure occupies only 3 bytes.
28. What is the output of the programs given below?
main() main()
{ {
float a; float a;
int x=6, y=4; int x=6, y=4;
a=x\y; a=(float) x\y;
printf(“Value of a=%f”, a); printf(“Value of a=%f”,a);
} }
Output: Output:
1. 1.500000
29. Declare the Structure with an example?
struct name
{
char name[10];
int age;
float salary;
} e1, e2;
30. Declare the Union with an example?
union name
{
char name[10];
int age;
float salary;
} e1, e2;

31. What is the output of the following program when, the name given with spaces?
main()
{
char name[50];
printf(“\n name\n”);
scanf(“%s, name);
printf(“%s”,name);
}
Output:
Lachi (It only accepts the data upto the spaces)
32. What is the difference between while(a) and while(!a)?
while(a) means while(a!=0)
while(!a) means while(a==0)
33. Why we don’t use the symbol ‘&’ symbol, while reading a String through scanf()?
The ‘&’ is not used in scanf() while reading string, because the character variable
itself specifies as a base address.
Example: name, &name[0] both the declarations are same.
34. What is the difference between static and auto storage classes?
Static Auto
Storage
Initial value
Scope
Life
Memory
Zero
Local to the block in which the
variables is defined
Value of the variable persists
between different function
calls.
Memory
Garbage value
Local to the block in which the
variable is defined.
The block in which the
variable is defined.
35. What is the output of the program?
main() increment()
{ {
increment(); static int i=1;
increment(); printf(“%d\n”,i)
increment();
}
i=i+1;
}
OUTPUT:
1 2
3
36. Why header files are included in ‘C’ programming?
· This section is used to include the function definitions used in the program.
· Each header file has ‘h’ extension and include using ’# include’ directive at the
beginning of a program.
37. List out some of the rules used for ‘C’ programming.
· All statements should be written in lower case letters. Upper case letters are only for
symbolic constants.
· Blank spaces may be inserted between the words. This improves the readability of statements.
· It is a free-form language; we can write statements anywhere between ‘{‘ and ‘}’.
a = b + c;
d = b*c;
(or)
a = b+c; d = b*c;
· Opening and closing braces should be balanced.
38. Define delimiters in ‘C’.
Delimiters Use
:
;
( )
[ ]
{ }
#
,
Colon
Semicolon
Parenthesis
Square Bracket
Curly Brace
Hash
Comma
Useful for label
Terminates Statement
Used in expression and functions
Used for array declaration
Scope of statement
Preprocessor directive
Variable Separator
39. What do you mean by variables in ‘C’?
· A variable is a data name used for storing a data value.
· Can be assigned different values at different times during program execution.
· Can be chosen by programmer in a meaningful way so as to reflect its function in
the program.
· Some examples
are: Sum
percent
_1
class_to
tal
40. List the difference between float and double datatype.
S No Float Double Float / Double
1
2
3
4
Occupies 4 bytes in memory
Range : 3.4 e-38 to 3.8e+38
Format Specifier: % f
Example : float a;
Occupies 8 bytes in memory
Range : 1.7 e-308 to 1.7e+308
Format Specifier: % lf
Example : double y;
There exists long double having a
range of 3.4 e -4932 to 3.4 e +4932 and
occupies 10 bytes in memory.
Example: long double k;
41. Differentiate break and continue statement
S No break continue

1
2
3
Exits from current block / loop
Control passes to next statement
Terminates the program
Loop takes next iteration
Control passes to beginning of loop
Never terminates the program
42. List the types of operators.
S No Operators Types Symbolic Representation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Arithmetic operators
Relational operators
Logical operators
Increment and Decrement operators
Assignment operators
Bitwise operators
Comma operator
Conditional operator
= , - , * , / and %
> , < , == , >=, <= and !=
&& , || and !
++ and –
= , + = , - = , * = , / = , ^ = , ; = , & =
& , | , ^ , >> , << , and ~
,
? :
43. Distinguish between while..do and do..while statement in C. (JAN 2009)
While..DO DO..while
(i) Executes the statements within the
while block if only the condition is true.
(i) Executes the statements within the
while block at least once.
(ii) The condition is checked at the
starting of the loop
(ii) The condition is checked at the end of
the loop
44. Compare switch( ) and nestedif statement.
S No switch( ) case nested if
1
2
3
4
Test for equality ie., only constant
values are applicable.
No two case statements in same
switch.
Character constants are automatically
converted to integers.
In switch( ) case statement nested if
can be used.
It can equate relational (or)
logical expressions.
Same conditions may be repeated for
a number of times.
Character constants are automatically
converted to integers.
In nested if statement switch case can
be used.
45. Distinguish Increment and Decrement operators.
S No Increment ++ Decrement --
1
2
3
4
Adds one to its operand
Equivalent x = x + 1
Either follow or precede operand
Example : ++x; x++;
Subtracts one from its operand
Equivalent x = x - 1
Either follow or precede operand
Example : --x; x--;
46. Give the syntax for the ‘for’ loop statement
for (Initialize counter; Test condition; Increment / Decrement)
{
statements;
}
· Initialization counter sets the loop to an initial value. This statement is executed
only once.
· The test condition is a relational expression that determines the number of
iterations desired or it determines when to exit from the loop. The ‘for’ loop
continues to
execute as
long as conditional test is satisfied. When condition becomes false, the control
of program
exists the body of the ‘for’ loop and executes next statement after the body of the
loop.
· The increment / decrement parameter decides how to make changes in the loop.
· The body of the loop may contain either a single statement or multiple statements.
47. What is the use of sizeof( ) operator?
· The sizeof ( ) operator gives the bytes occupied by a variable.
· No of bytes occupied varies from variable to variable depending upon its data
types.
Example:
int x,y;
printf(“%d”,sizeof(x));
Output:
2
48. What is a loop control statement?
Many tasks done with the help of a computer are repetitive in nature. Such tasks
can be done with loop control statements.
49. What are global variable in ‘C’?
· This section declares some variables that are used in more than one function. such
variable are called as global variables.
· It should be declared outside all functions.
50. Write a program to swap the values of two variables (without temporary variable).
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a =5; b = 10;
clrscr( );
prinf(“Before swapping a = %d b = %d “, a , b);
a = a + b;
B = a – b;
a = a – b;
prinf(“After swapping a = %d b = %d”, a,b);
getch( );
}
Output:
Before swapping a = 5 b = 10
After swapping a = 10 b = 5
51. Write short notes about main ( ) function in ’C’ program. (MAY 2009)
· Every C program must have main ( ) function.
· All functions in C, has to end with ‘( )’ parenthesis.
· It is a starting point of all ‘C’ programs.
· The program execution starts from the opening brace ‘{‘ and ends with closing brace
‘}’, within which executable part of the program exists.
12 MARKS
1. Explain in detail about ‘C’ declarations and variables.
In C, lowercase and uppercase characters are very important. All commands in C
must be lowercase. The C programs starting point is identified by the word main( ). This
informs the computer as to where the program actually starts.
The brackets that follow the keyword main indicate that there are no arguments
supplied to this program.
The two braces, { and }, signify the begin and end segments of the program. The
purpose of the statement
include <stdio.h> is to allow the use of the printf statement to provide program
output. Text to be displayed by printf() must be enclosed in double quotes. The program
has only one statement printf("Programming in C is easy.\n");
printf() is actually a function (procedure) in C that is used for printing variables
and text. Where text appears in double quotes "", it is printed without modification.
There are some exceptions however. This has to do with the \ and % characters. These
characters are modifier’s, and for the present the \ followed by the n character represents
a newline character. Thus the program prints
Programming in C is easy.
and the cursor is set to the beginning of the next line. As we shall see later on, what
follows the \ character will determine what is printed, ie, a tab, clear screen, clear line
etc. Another important thing to remember is that all C statements are terminated by a
semi-colon ;
General rules of ‘C’ language:
· program execution begins at main()
· keywords are written in lower-case
· statements are terminated with a semi-colon
· text strings are enclosed in double quotes
· C is case sensitive, use lower-case and try not to capitalize variable names
· \n means position the cursor on the beginning of the next line
· printf() can be used to display text to the screen
· The curly braces {} define the beginning and end of a program block.
BASIC STRUCTURE OF C PROGRAMS
C programs are essentially constructed in the following manner, as a number of well
defined sections.
/* HEADER SECTION */
/* Contains name, author, revision number*/
/* INCLUDE SECTION */
/* contains #include statements */
/* CONSTANTS AND TYPES SECTION */
/* contains types and #defines */
/* GLOBAL VARIABLES SECTION */
/* any global variables declared here */
/* FUNCTIONS SECTION */
/* user defined functions */
/* main() SECTION */
int main()
{
}
A Simple Program
The following program is written in the C programming language.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf(“Programming in C is easy.\n”); }
INITIALISING DATA VARIABLES AT DECLARATION TIME
In C, variables may be initialized with a value when they are declared. Consider
the following declaration, which declares an integer variable count which is initialized to
10. int count = 10;
SIMPLE ASSIGNMENT OF VALUES TO VARIABLES
The = operator is used to assign values to data variables. Consider the following
statement, which assigns the value 32 an integer variable count, and the letter A to the
character variable letter
count = 32;
letter = ‘A’
Variable Formatters
%d decimal integer
%c character
%s string or character array
%f float
%e double
HEADER FILES
Header files contain definitions of functions and variables which can be
incorporated into any C program by using the pre-processor #include statement. Standard
header files are provided with each compiler, and cover a range of areas, string handling,
mathematical, data conversion, printing and reading of variables.
To use any of the standard functions, the appropriate header file should be
included. This is done at the beginning of the C source file. For example, to use the
function printf() in a program, the line
#include <stdio.h> should be at the beginning of the source file, because the
definition for printf() is found in the file stdio.h All header files have the extension .h
and generally reside in the /include subdirectory.
#include <stdio.h>
#include “mydecls.h”
The use of angle brackets <> informs the compiler to search the compilers
include directory for the specified file. The use of the double quotes “” around the
filename inform the compiler to search in the current directory for the specified file.
2. Explain in detail about the constants, expressions and statements in ‘C’.
1. Constants: (with examples)
1. Numeric constants
a. Integer Constants
b. Real Constants
2. Character constants
a. Single character Constants
b. String Constants
2. Expressions:
An expression represents a single data item, such as number or a character.
Logical conditions that are true or false are represented by expressions.
Example: a = p – q / 3 + r * 2 - 1
3. Statements
· Assignment Statements – Definition and examples
· Null Statements – Definition and examples
· Block of statements – Definition and examples
· Expression statements – Definition and examples
· Declaration statements – Definition and examples
3. Discuss about the various data types in ‘C’. (MAY 2009)
The four basic data types are
a. INTEGER
These are whole numbers, both positive and negative. Unsigned integers
(positive values only) are supported. In addition, there are short and long integers.
The keyword used to define integers is,
int
An example of an integer value is 32. An example of declaring an integer
variable called sum is,
int sum;
sum = 20;
b. FLOATING POINT
These are numbers which contain fractional parts, both positive and negative.
The keyword used to define float variables is,
float
An example of a float value is 34.12. An example of declaring a float variable
called money is,
float money;
money = 0.12;
c. DOUBLE
These are exponentional numbers, both positive and negative. The keyword used
to define double variables is,
double
An example of a double value is 3.0E2. An example of declaring a double
variable called big is,
double big;
big = 312E+7;
d. CHARACTER
These are single characters. The keyword used to define character variables is,
char
An example of a character value is the letter A. An example of declaring a
character variable called letter is,
char letter;
letter = ‘A’;
Note the assignment of the character A to the variable letter is done by enclosing
the value in single quotes.
Example:
#include < stdio.h >
main()
{
int sum;
float money;
char letter;
double pi;
sum = 10; /* assign integer value */
money = 2.21; /* assign float value */
letter = ‘A’; /* assign character value */
pi = 2.01E6; /* assign a double value */
printf(“value of sum = %d\n”, sum );
printf(“value of money = %f\n”, money );
printf(“value of letter = %c\n”, letter );
printf(“value of pi = %e\n”, pi );
}
Sample program output
value of sum = 10
value of money = 2.210000
value of letter = A
value of pi = 2.010000e+06
4. Describe the various types of operators in ‘C’ language along with its priority.
An ex pr e s s I o n is a sequence of operators and operands that specifies
computation of a value, or that designates an object or a function, or that generates side
effects, or that performs a combination thereof.
1. ARITHMETIC OPERATORS:
The symbols of the arithmetic operators are:-
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int sum = 50; float modulus; modulus = sum % 10;
printf(“The %% of %d by 10 is %f\n”, sum, modulus);
}
PRE/POST INCREMENT/DECREMENT OPERATORS
PRE means do the operation first followed by any assignment operation. POST
means do the operation after any assignment operation. Consider the following
statements ++count; /* PRE Increment, means add one to count */ count++; /* P OST
Increment, means add one to count */
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int count = 0, loop;
loop = ++count; /* same as count = count + 1; loop = count; */
printf(“loop = %d, count = %d\n”, loop, count);
loop = count++; /* same as loop = count; count = count + 1; */
printf(“loop = %d, count = %d\n”, loop, count);
}
If the operator precedes (is on the left hand side) of the variable, the operation is
performed first, so the statement
loop = ++count;
really means increment count first, then assign the new value of count to loop.
2. THE RELATIONAL OPERATORS
These allow the comparison of two or more variables.
= = equal to
! = not equal
< less than
< = less than or equal to
> greater than
> = greater than or equal to
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main() /* Program introduces the for statement, counts to ten */
{
int count;
for( count = 1; count <= 10; count = count + 1 )
printf(“%d “, count );
printf(“\n”);
}
3. LOGICAL OPERATORS (AND, NOT, OR, EOR)
Combining more than one condition
These allow the testing of more than one condition as part of selection
statements. The symbols are
LOGICAL AND &&
Logical and requires all conditions to evaluate as TRUE (non-zero).
LOGICAL OR ||
Logical or will be executed if any ONE of the conditions is TRUE (non-zero).
LOGICAL NOT !
logical not negates (changes from TRUE to FALSE, vsvs) a condition.
LOGICAL EOR ^
Logical eor will be excuted if either condition is TRUE, but NOT if they are all true.
Example:
The following program uses an if statement with logical AND to validate the
users input to be in the range 1-10.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int number;
int valid = 0;
while( valid == 0 ) {
printf(“Enter a number between 1 and 10 à”);
scanf(“%d”, &number);
if( (number < 1 ) || (number > 10) ){
printf(“Number is outside range 1-10. Please re-enter\n”);
valid = 0;
}
else
valid = 1;
}
printf(“The number is %d\n”, number );
}
Example:
NEGATION
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int flag = 0;
if( ! flag ) {
printf(“The flag is not set.\n”);
flag = ! flag;
}
printf(“The value of flag is %d\n”, flag);
}
Example:
Consider where a value is to be inputted from the user, and checked for validity to be
within a certain range, lets say between the integer values 1 and 100.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int number;
int valid = 0;
while( valid == 0 ) {
printf(“Enter a number between 1 and 100”);
scanf(“%d”, &number );
if( (number < 1) || (number > 100) )
printf(“Number is outside legal range\n”);
else
valid = 1;
}
printf(“Number is %d\n”, number );
}
4. THE CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION OPERATOR or TERNARY OPERATOR
This conditional expression operator takes THREE operators. The two symbols
used to denote this operator are the ? and the :. The first operand is placed before the ?,
the second operand between the ? and the :, and the third after the :. The general format
is,
condition ? expression1 : expression2.
If the result of condition is TRUE ( non-zero ), expression1 is evaluated and the
result of the evaluation becomes the result of the operation. If the condition is FALSE
(zero), then expression2 is evaluated and its result becomes the result of the operation.
An example will help,
s = ( x < 0 ) ? -1 : x * x;
If x is less than zero then s = -1
If x is greater than zero then s = x * x
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int input;
printf(“I will tell you if the number is positive, negative or zero!”\n”);
printf(“please enter your number now-à”);
scanf(“%d”, &input );
(input < 0) ? printf(“negative\n”) : ((input > 0) ? printf(“positive\n”) :
printf(“zero\n”));
}
5. BIT OPERATIONS
C has the advantage of direct bit manipulation and the operations available are,
Example:
/* Example program illustrating << and >> */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int n1 = 10, n2 = 20, I = 0;
I = n2 << 4; /* n2 shifted left four times */
printf(“%d\n”, i);
I = n1 >> 5; /* n1 shifted right five times */
printf(“%d\n”, i);
}
Example:
/* Example program using EOR operator */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int value1 = 2, value2 = 4;
value1 ^= value2;
value2 ^= value1;
value1 ^= value2;
printf(“Value1 = %d, Value2 = %d\n”, value1, value2);
}
Example:
/* Example program using AND operator */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int loop;
for( loop = ‘A’; loop <= ‘Z’; loop++ )
printf(“Loop = %c, AND 0xdf = %c\n”, loop, loop & 0xdf);
}
5. Explain about the various decision making statements in ‘C’ language.
(JAN 2009/FEB2010)
1. IF STATEMENTS
DECISION MAKING
The if statements allows branching (decision making) depending upon the value
or state of variables. This allows statements to be executed or skipped, depending upon
decisions.
The basic format is,
if( expression )
program statement;
Example:
if( students < 65 )
++student_count;
In the above example, the variable student_count is incremented by one only if
the value of the integer variable students is less than 65. The following program uses an
if statement to validate the users input to be in the range 1-10.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int number;
int valid = 0;
while( valid == 0 ) {
printf(“Enter a number between 1 and 10 à”);
scanf(“%d”, &number);
/* assume number is valid */
valid = 1;
if( number < 1 ) {
printf(“Number is below 1. Please re-enter\n”);
valid = 0;
}
if( number > 10 ) {
printf(“Number is above 10. Please re-enter\n”);
valid = 0;
}
}
printf(“The number is %d\n”, number );
}
2. IF ELSE
The general format for these are,
if( condition 1 )
statement1;
else if( condition 2 )
statement2;
else if( condition 3 )
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www.Vidyarthiplus.com Page 19
statement3;
else
statement4;
The else clause allows action to be taken where the condition evaluates as false
(zero). The following program uses an if else statement to validate the users input to be
in the range 1-10.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int number;
int valid = 0;
while( valid == 0 ) {
printf(“Enter a number between 1 and 10 à”);
scanf(“%d”, &number);
if( number < 1 ) {
printf(“Number is below 1. Please re-enter\n”);
valid = 0;
}
else if( number > 10 ) {
printf(“Number is above 10. Please re-enter\n”);
valid = 0;
}
else
valid = 1;
}
printf(“The number is %d\n”, number );
}
This program is slightly different from the previous example in that an else
clause is used to set the variable valid to 1. In this program, the logic should be easier to
follow.
3. NESTED IF ELSE
/* Illustates nested if else and multiple arguments to the scanf function. */
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int invalid_operator = 0;
char operator;
float number1, number2, result;
printf(“Enter two numbers and an operator in the format\n”);
printf(“ number1 operator number2\n”);
scanf(“%f %c %f”, &number1, &operator, &number2);
if(operator == ‘*’)
result = number1 * number2;
else if(operator == ‘/’)
result = number1 / number2;
else if(operator == ‘+’)
result = number1 + number2;
else if(operator == ‘-‘)
result = number1 – number2;
else
invalid_operator = 1;
if( invalid_operator != 1 )
printf(“%f %c %f is %f\n”, number1, operator, number2, result );
else
printf(“Invalid operator.\n”);
6. Write short notes on the following: (JAN 2009)
‘for’ loop
‘while’ loop
‘dowhile’ loop
‘Switch case ‘ (MAY 2009/FEB 2009/FEB
2010)
BRANCHING AND LOOPING
1. ITERATION, FOR LOOPS
The basic format of the for statement is,
for( start condition; continue condition; re-evaulation )
program statement;
Example:
/* sample program using a for statement */
#include <stdio.h>
main() /* Program introduces the for statement, counts to ten */
{
int count;
for( count = 1; count <= 10; count = count + 1 )
printf(“%d “, count );
printf(“\n”);
}
The program declares an integer variable count. The first part of the for
statement for (count = 1; initialized the value of count to 1.
The for loop continues with the condition count <= 10; evaluates as TRUE. As
the variable count has just been initialized to 1, this condition is TRUE and so the
program statement printf(“%d “, count ); is executed, which prints the value of count to the screen, followed by a space character.
Next, the remaining statement of the for is executed count = count + 1); which adds one to the current value of count. Control now passes back to the conditional test,
count <= 10; which evaluates as true, so the program statement printf(“%d “, count ); is executed.
Count is incremented again, the condition re-evaluated etc, until count reaches a value of
11.When this occurs, the conditional test count <= 10; evaluates as FALSE, and the for loop terminates, and program control passes to the statement printf(“\n”); which prints a newline, and then the program terminates, as there are no more statements left to
execute.
2. THE WHILE STATEMENT
The while provides a mechanism for repeating C statements whilst a condition is
true. Its format is, while( condition ) program statement;
Somewhere within the body of the while loop a statement must alter the value of
the condition to allow the loop to finish.
Example:
/* Sample program including while */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int loop = 0;
while( loop <= 10 ) {
printf(“%d\n”, loop);
++loop;
}
}
The above program uses a while loop to repeat the statements
printf(“%d\n”,loop); ++loop; the value of the variable loop is less than or equalto 10.
3. THE DO WHILE STATEMENT
The do { } while statement allows a loop to continue whilst a condition evaluates as
TRUE (non-zero). The loop is executed as least once.
Example:
/* Demonstration of DO...WHILE */
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int value, r_digit;
printf(“Enter the number to be reversed.\n”);
scanf(“%d”, &value);
do {
r_digit = value % 10;
printf(“%d”, r_digit);
value = value / 10;
} while( value != 0 );
printf(“\n”);
}
The above program reverses a number that is entered by the user. It does this by using the modulus % operator to extract the right most digit into the variable r_digit. The original number is then divided by 10, and the operation repeated whilst the number is
not equal to 0.
 
4. SWITCH CASE:
The switch case statement is a better way of writing a program when a series of if elses occurs.
The general format for this is,
switch ( expression ) {
case value1:
program statement;
program statement;
......
break;
case valuen:
program statement;
.......
break;
default:
.......
.......
break;
}
The keyword break must be included at the end of each case statement. The default clause is optional, and is executed if the cases are not met. The right brace at the
end signifies the end of the case selections.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int menu, numb1, numb2, total;
printf(“enter in two numbers à”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &numb1, &numb2 );
printf(“enter in choice\n”);
printf(“1=addition\n”);
printf(“2=subtraction\n”);
scanf(“%d”, &menu );
switch( menu ) {
case 1: total = numb1 + numb2; break;
case 2: total = numb1 – numb2; break;
default: printf(“Invalid option selected\n”);
}
if( menu == 1 )
printf(“%d plus %d is %d\n”, numb1, numb2, total );
else if( menu == 2 )
printf(“%d minus %d is %d\n”, numb1, numb2, total );
}
The above program uses a switch statement to validate and select upon the users
input choice, simulating a simple menu of choices.
 
7. Explain briefly about the input and output function in ‘C’. (MAY 2009/FEB 2009)
1 printf ():
MANAGING INPUT AND OUTPUT OPERATORS
printf() is actually a function (procedure) in C that is used for printing variables and text. Where text appears in double quotes “”, it is printed without modification.
There are some exceptions however.
This has to do with the \ and % characters. These characters are modifiers, and for the present the \ followed by the n character represents a newline character.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
printf(“Programming in C is easy.\n”);
printf(“And so is Pascal.\n”);
}
@ Programming in C is easy.
And so is Pascal.
FORMATTERS for printf are,
Cursor Control Formatters
\n newline
\t tab
\r carriage return
\f form feed
\v vertical tab
 
2. Scanf ():
Scanf () is a function in C which allows the programmer to accept input from a keyboard.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
main() /* program which introduces keyboard input */
{
int number;
printf(“Type in a number \n”);
scanf(“%d”, &number);
printf(“The number you typed was %d\n”, number);
}
FORMATTERS FOR scanf()
The following characters, after the % character, in a scanf argument, have the
following effect.
D read a decimal integer
o read an octal value
x read a hexadecimal value
h read a short integer
l read a long integer
f read a float value
e read a double value
c read a single character
s read a sequence of characters
[...] Read a character string. The characters inside the brackets
 
3. ACCEPTING SINGLE CHARACTERS FROM THE KEYBOARD
Getchar, Putchar
getchar() gets a single character from the keyboard, and putchar() writes a single
character from the keyboard.
Example:
The following program illustrates this,
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int i;
int ch;
for( i = 1; i<= 5; ++i ) {
ch = getchar();
putchar(ch);
}
}
The program reads five characters (one for each iteration of the for loop) from the keyboard. Note that getchar() gets a single character from the keyboard, and putchar() writes a single character (in this case, ch) to the console screen.

8. (a) Describe in detail about type conversions in ‘C’ with example.
(b) Define delimiters. List them. Give an example program using various delimiters.
 
9. Explain the following:
· Keywords
· Identifiers
· C character set
· Constant and Volatile variables.
 
10. Explain the following:
· break statement with example program
· continue statement with example program
· goto statement with example program
*************

FCCP UNIT III PROBLEM SOLVING AND OFFICE AUTOMATION

UNIT III
PROBLEM SOLVING AND OFFICE AUTOMATION
Planning the Computer Program – Purpose – Algorithm – Flow Charts – Pseudocode
-Application Software Packages- Introduction to Office Packages (not detailed commands for
examination).
1. What is a program?
2 MARKS
A program is a set instruction written to carryout a particular task, so that
computer
can perform some specified task.
2. What is algorithm? (JAN2009)
Algorithm means the logic of a program. It is a step-by-step description of how
toarrive at a solution of a given problem.
3. What are the steps to solve the problem in a computer system?
Problem must be analyzed thoroughly.
Solution method is broken down into a sequence of small tasks.
Based on this analysis, an algorithm must be prepared to solve the problem.
The algorithm is expressed in a precise notation. This notation is known as
“Computer Program”.
The Computer program is fed to the computer.
The instruction in the program executes one after another and outputs the expected
result.
4. How can you measure the quality of algorithm?
The primary factors that are often used to judge the quality of an algorithm are
time requirement, memory requirement, and accuracy of solution.
5. What are the characteristics of an algorithm?
1. In algorithms each and every instruction should be precise.
2. In algorithms each and every instruction should be unambiguous.
3. The instructions in an algorithm should not be repeated infinitely.
4. Ensure that the algorithm will ultimately terminate.
5. The algorithm should be written in sequence.
6. It looks like normal English.
7. The desired result should be obtained only after the algorithm terminates.
6. How many types the Algorithm can be represented?
Normal English
Program
Flowchart
Pseudo code
Decision table
7. What is decision table?
A decision table is a table containing the selection of conditions to be tested and how
those conditions should be nested to arrive at the proper action.

8. What is Flowchart?
A Flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm. It is often used by
programmer as a program planning tool for organizing a sequence of step necessary to
solve a problem by a computer.
9. What is the need of Flowchart symbols?
Each symbol of different shapes denotes different shapes denote different types of
instructions. The program logic through flowcharts is made easier through the use of
symbol that has standardized planning.
10. What is pseudo code?
“Pseudo” means imitation of false and “code” refers to the instruction written in the
programming language. Pseudo code is programming analysis tool that is used for
planning program logic.
11. What is structured programming?
A structured programming is a more specific approach to solve a
programming problem by using only the three basic logic structures. They are sequence
logic, selection logic and Iteration logic.
12. Draw the flowchart to find the maximum among three numbers (JAN2009)
13. What are the rules for drawing a flowchart?
The standard symbols should only be used.
The arrowheads in the flowchart represent the direction of flow of control in the
problem.
The usual direction of the flow of procedure is from top to bottom or left to right.
The flow lines should not cross each other.
Be consistent in using names and variables in the flowchart.
Keep the flowchart as simple as possible.
Words in the flowchart symbols should be common statements and easy to
understand.
Chart main line of logic, and then incorporate all the details of logic.
If a new page is needed for flowcharting, then use connectors for better
representation.
Don’t chart every details or the flowchart will only be graphical represented.
14. What is sequence logic?
Sequence logic is used for performing instructions one after another in a
sequence.
15. What is selection logic?
Selection logic is used for selecting the process path out of two or more
alternative paths in the program logic. It uses three control structures called if…then, if…
then…else and switch…case.
16. What is Iteration logic?
Iteration logic is used for producing loops in program logic when one or more
instructions may be executed several times depending on some condition. It uses two
control structures called do…while, and repeat…until.
17. What are the rules for writing pseudo code? (MAY2010)
Write on statement per line.
Capitalize initial keywords.
Indent to show hierarchy.
End multi line structure.
Keep statements language independent.
18. What are the features of word processors?
Fast
Permanent storage
Formatting
Editing
Graphics
OLE
Spell Check
Mail merge
19. How many types a documented can be viewed?
* Normal view * Online layout
* Outline view * Page layout view
20. What are the menus available in Ms-Word?
File
Edit
View
Insert
Format
Tools
Table
Window
Help
21. What is meant by Formatting?
Formatting is the process of changing the appearance of the text in the document.
22. Specify any five toolbars available in Ms-Word?
Standard
Formatting
Drawing
Tables & Boarders
WordArt etc.,
23. How many Line Spacing options available in Ms-Word?
Single
1.5 Lines
Double
At least
Exactly
Multiple
24. What are the Text cases available in Ms-Word?
Sentence case
lower case
UPPER CASE
Title Case
tOGGLE CASE
25. What is Subscript and Superscript?
The Subscript format places the text slightly below a line of normal printed
text.
text.
Eg:-H2O
The Superscript format places the text slightly above a line of normal printed
Eg:-A2+B2
26. What is Tab and what are the Tab settings available in word?
Tab is used to control the alignment of text with in the document. Word provides
seven types of tabs.
Standard (left) tab
Center tab
Right tab
Decimal tab
Bar tab
First line Indent tab
Hanging Indent tab
27. Define Headers and Footers.
Header allows text, page number or section titles to appear on every page of
document at the top position.
Footer allows text, page number or section titles to appear on every page of
document at the bottom position.
28. What is a Table?
080230001 - Fundamentals of Computing and Computer Programming 5
A Table is grid of rows and columns.
29. What is a Clipart?
Clipart is the attractive pre-defined, pre-colored pictures available in Ms-Word office
suite.
30. Define a Template.
Template is a special kind of document that produces basic tools for shaping a final
document.
31. Define operator and formula.
Operator:-An operator is a symbol, which can do a particular action on the
operands.
Formula:-Is the mathematical expression used to carryout a particular process.
32. What is a function?
A function is a built-in mathematical shortcut used to perform a complex formula task.
33. What are the types of functions available in Excel?
There are nine types of functions available in Excel.
Financial functions
Date and Time functions
Math and Trigonometry functions
Database functions
Statistical functions
Text functions
Lookup Reference functions
Logical functions
Information functions
34. What is a Label?
A label is the name describing the each column and row of a cell. It appears
at the left and the top of a cell.
12 MARKS
1. Explain the steps involved in developing a program with neat diagram?
(FEB2009)
(or)
Brief about planning the computer program?
The Programming Process – Purpose
1. Understand the problem
Read the problem statement
Question users
Inputs required
Outputs required
Special formulas
Talk to users
2. Plan the logic
(a) Visual Design Tools
Input record chart
Printer spacing chart
Hierarchy chart
Flowchart
(b) Verbal Design Tools
Narrative Description
Pseudocode
3. Code the program
Select an appropriate programming language
Convert flowchart and/or Pseudocode instructions into programming language
statements
4. Test the program
1. Syntax errors
2. Runtime errors
3. Logic errors
4. Test Data Set
5. Implement the program
Buy hardware
Publish software
Train users
6. Maintain the program
Maintenance programmers
Legacy systems
Up to 85% of IT department budget
2. Explain flowchart in detail? (FEB 2009/FEB 2010)
Definitions:
A flowchart is a schematic representation of an algorithm or a stepwise process,
showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with
arrows. Flowcharts are used in designing or documenting a process or program.
A flow chart, or flow diagram, is a graphical representation of a process or system that details the sequencing of steps required to create output. A flowchart is a picture of the separate steps of a process in sequential order.
The benefits of flowcharts are as follows:
a. Communication: Flowcharts are better way of communicating the logic of a system to all concerned.
b. Effective analysis: With the help of flowchart, problem can be analyzed in more effective way.
c. Proper documentation: Program flowcharts serve as a good program documentation,which is needed for various purposes.
d. Efficient Coding: The flowcharts act as a guide or blueprint during the systems analysis
and program development phase.
e. Proper Debugging: The flowchart helps in debugging process.
f. Efficient Program Maintenance: The maintenance of operating program becomes easy with the help of flowchart. It helps the programmer to put efforts more efficiently on that part.
Advantages
Logic Flowcharts are easy to understand. They provide a graphical representation of actions to be taken.
Logic Flowcharts are well suited for representing logic where there is intermingling among many actions.
Disadvantages
Logic Flowcharts may encourage the use of GoTo statements leading to software design that is unstructured with logic that is difficult to decipher.
Without an automated tool, it is time-consuming to maintain Logic Flowcharts.
Logic Flowcharts may be used during detailed logic design to specify a module.
However, the presence of decision boxes may encourage the use of GoTo statements, resulting in software that is not structured. For this reason, Logic Flowcharts may be better used during Structural Design.
LIMITATIONS OF USING FLOWCHARTS
Complex logic: Sometimes, the program logic is quite complicated. In that case, flowchart
becomes complex and clumsy.
Alterations and Modifications: If alterations are required the flowchart may require redrawing completely.
Reproduction: As the flowchart symbols cannot be typed, reproduction of flowchart becomes a problem.
The essentials of what is done can easily be lost in the technical details of how it is done.
GUIDELINES FOR DRAWING A FLOWCHART
a. In drawing a proper flowchart, all necessary requirements should be listed out in logical
order.
b. The flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to follow. There should not be any room for
ambiguity in understanding the flowchart.
c. The usual direction of the flow of a procedure or system is from left to right or top to bottom.
d. Only one flow line should come out from a process symbol.
e. Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol, but two or three flow lines, one for each possible answer, should leave the decision symbol.
f. Only one flow line is used in conjunction with terminal symbol.
g. Write within standard symbols briefly. As necessary, you can use the annotation symbol to
describe data or computational steps more clearly.
h. If the flowchart becomes complex, it is better to use connector symbols to reduce the number of flow lines. Avoid the intersection of flow lines if you want to make it more effective and better way of communication.
i. Ensure that the flowchart has a logical start and finish.
j. It is useful to test the validity of the flowchart by passing through it with a simple test data.
3. Describe in detail about algorithm? Give example (MAY 2009)
An algorithm is a description of a procedure which terminates with a result.
Simple algorithms can be implemented within a function.
Properties of an algorithm
No ambiguity
There should not be any uncertainty about which instruction to execute next.
The algorithm should conclude after a finite number of steps.
The algorithm should be general.
Example:
Biggest among two numbers
Addition of N numbers
Finding Factorial of a number
Finding Fibonacci series.
4. Elaborate pseudo code with example. (MAY 2009\FEB 2009)
Guidelines
Statements should be in simple English
Must produce a solution for the specified problem
It should be concise
Each instruction should be written in separate line and express one action.
Capitalize keywords such as READ, PRINT and so on.
Instruction should be written from top to bottom, with one entry and one exit.
Should allow easy transition from design to coding in programming language.
Benefits:
Language Independent.
Easy to develop a program from pseudo code than flowchart.
Easy to translate into programming language.
It is compact.
Limitations:
No visual representation of program logic
No accepted standards for writing pseudo codes.
Cannot be compiled or executed.
No real form or syntax rules.
Examples:
Finding a number is prime or not
5. Discuss about the program control structure and program paradigms in detail.
Program structures that affect the order in which statements are executed or that
affect statements are executed are called control structures.
1. Sequence control structure
Instructions has to follow one another in a logical progression is sequence control
structure.
Example:
Addition of two numbers
Action 1
Action 2
Action n
2. Selection Control Structure
Selection control structure allows the program to make a chance between
alternate paths, when it is true or false.
Example:
Largest of two numbers
Is
Condition
Action 1 Action 2
3. Repetition Control Structure
Directs the system to loop back to a previous statement in the program, repeating
the same sequence over and again, usually with a new data. When a sequence of
statements is repeated against a condition, it is said to a loop.
Example: Search a number in array
Repeated task
Is Condition
is true?
True
False
6. Explain in detail about the word processing package.
(OR)
Explain 8 formatting features in word processing package. (JAN 2009/MAY 2009)
(1) Paragraph
(2) Font
(3) Bullets and Numbering
(4) Boarders and Shading
(5) Tabs
(6) Change case
(7) Auto format
(8) Background
7. Describe about spreadsheet packages.
(OR)
Explain the formatting features in spreadsheet package. (JAN 2009/MAY 2009)
(1) Cells
(2) Rows
(3) Columns
(4) Auto format
(5) Sheet
(6) Conditional formatting
(7) Style
8. Discuss about the graphics package along with its various features in detail.
(OR)
Explain 8 formatting features in graphics package. (JAN 2009/MAY 2009)
(1) Fonts
(2) Bullets and Numbering
(3) Alignment
(4) Line spacing
(5) Change case
(6) Replace fonts
(7) Slide Design
(8) Slide Layout
9. Briefly explain about the personal assistant package.
Address book
Calendar To-do
List Inventory
Books
Investments Book

FCCP UNIT II COMPUTER SOFTWARE


UNIT II
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer Software –Types of Software – Software Development Steps – Internet
Evolution - Basic Internet Terminology – Getting connected to Internet Applications.

2 MARKS
 
1. Define Computer Software?
Software is a set of programs or collection of programs that is executed by the Computer’s
CPU to function it in a desired way.

2. What is meant by Installation and Assembling?
Installation –It is the process of loading the software package into the computer.
Assembling – It is the process of mounting different computer peripherals into one, to
make the computer to function properly.
3. Define Hardware.
Hardware is the physical components of the computer.
4. What are the types of Software?
1. Application software.
2. System software.
5. Define OS.
An operating system is a set of programs, which are used to control and co-ordinate the
computer system.
6. What are the basic functions of an OS?
• Process Management.
• Memory Management.
• File Management.
• Device Management.
• Security Management.
• User Interface.
7. What are the types of Operating System?
• Single user operating system.
• Multi-user operating system.
• Time sharing operating system.
• Virtual storage operating system.
• Real time operating system.
• Multiprocessing operating system.
• Virtual machine operating system.
8. Define Multiprocessing?
Multiprocessing is the process of executing a single job by using multiple CPU’s.
9. What are language translators?
The language translators are the programs which come under system software category.
They are Compilers, Interpreters and Assembler.
10. What are a Compiler, Assembler and Interpreter?
Compiler: It is a program which is used to convert the high level language program into
machine language.
Assembler: It is a program which is used to convert the assembly level language program
into machine language.
Interpreter: It is a program; it takes one statement of a high level language program,
translates it into machine language instruction and then immediately executes the resulting
machine language instruction.
11. What is Device Driver?
In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing higherlevel
computer programs to interact with a hardware device.
A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus or
communications subsystem to which the hardware connects.
12. What is the purpose of a Device Driver?
A device driver simplifies programming by acting as a translator between a hardware
device and the applications or operating systems that use it. Programmers can write the
higher-level application code independently of whatever specific hardware device it will
ultimately control, because code and device can interface in a standard way, regardless of the
software superstructure or of underlying hardware. Every version of a device, such as a
printer, requires its own hardware-specific specialized commands.
13. What is a linker?
A linker is a program that combines object modules to form an executable program.
Many programming languages allow you to write different pieces of code, called
modules, separately. This simplifies the programming task because you can break a large
program into small, more manageable pieces.
Modules has to be put together. This is the job of the linker.
In addition to combining modules, a linker also replaces symbolic addresses with real
addresses. Therefore, you may need to link a program even if it contains only one module.
14. What is a loader?
In computing, a loader is the part of an operating system that is responsible for one of the
essential stages in the process of starting a program, loading programs, that is, starting up
programs by reading the contents of executable files (executables- files containing program
text) into memory, then carrying out other required preparatory tasks, after which the
program code is finally allowed to run and is started when the operating system passes
control to the loaded program code.
15. What is Booting?
In computing, booting (also known as "booting up") is a bootstrapping process that
starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system. A boot sequence is the
initial set of operations that the computer performs when power is switched on. The boot
loader typically loads the main operating system for the computer.
16. What is application software?
An application software is a set of programs, that allows the computer to perform a
specific data processing for the user.
17. How can you obtain required software?
• Buying Pre-defined software.
• Buying customized software.
• Developing the software.
• Downloading from the Internet.
18. What are the categories of application software?
• Customized Application Software.
• General Application Software.
19. Define the System.
System is a group of interrelated components working together towards a common goal.
20. Specify the personnel’s, who are responsible for system design and implementation.
• System Personnel.
• System Analyst.
• System Designer.
• Programmers.
• Users.
21. What is system development cycle?
System development cycle is the sequence of events considered by the system developers
to build the new system or to replace the old one.
22. What are the phases of Software Development Cycle?
• Requirement Analysis.
• Feasibility study.
• System Analysis and Design.
• Coding / Development.
• Testing.
• Implementation.
• Maintenance.
23. What is Software Requirement Specification (SRS) document?
The Software Required Specification (SRS) Document is produced at the end of
Requirement Analysis stage, which specifies all requirements of the customer.
24. What is meant by Testing?
Testing is the process of executing the proposed software with sample or test data and put
into regular use.
25. How the system can be tested?
• Unit Testing.
• Integration Testing.
• System Testing.
• User Acceptance Test and Installation Testing.
26. What is Design?
The Design is the process of specifying the detailed operation of the system.
27. Classify the Design phase.
• High-Level Design (System Design)
• Low-Level Design (Detailed Design)
28. What is meant by Coding?
Coding is the process of writing program in a programming language.
29. What is Implementation & Maintenance?
Implementation is the process of putting the system into regular use.
Maintenance is the process of enhancing the system after installation.
30. What is Internet?
Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks linked by copper wires, fiber
optic cables and wireless connections etc,
31. Define protocol?
In computing, a protocol is a set of rules which is used by computers to communicate
with each other across a network. A protocol is a convention or standard that controls or
enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between computing endpoints. In
its simplest form, a protocol can be defined as the rules governing the syntax, semantics, and
synchronization of communication. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or
a combination of the two. At the lowest level, a protocol defines the behavior of a hardware
connection.
32. What is Web?
The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources linked by
hyperlinks and URL’s.
33. What is ARPANET?
It is acrimony for Advanced Research Project Agency NET, created by Department of
Defence (DOD).
34. What is a Web page?
A webpage or web page is a document or resource of information that is suitable for the
World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and displayed on a computer
screen. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation
to other web pages via hypertext links.
35. Define Website?
A website is a collection of WebPages, images, videos or other digital assets that is based
on one or more web servers, usually accessible through the Internet.
36. What is an IP?
IP stands for Internet Protocol, which is the language, that computer used to
communicate over the Internet.
37. Name some of the services of Internet or Internet applications? (JAN2009)
• E-Mail.
• Chat.
• Remote Access.
• File Sharing.
• Voice Telephony.
• File Transfer Protocol.
• Telnet.
• Internet Relay Chat.
• Video Conferencing.
38. What is HTTP?
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed,
collaborative, hypermedia information systems. Its use for retrieving inter-linked resources,
called hypertext documents, led to the establishment of the World Wide Web in 1990.
There are two major versions, HTTP/1.0 that uses a separate connection for every
document and HTTP/1.1 that can reuse the same connection to download, for instance,
images for the just served page. Hence HTTP/1.1 may be faster as it takes time to set up the
connections.
39. What is TCP/IP?
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite of communications protocols
used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP uses several protocols, the two main ones being
TCP and IP. TCP/IP is built into the UNIX operating system and is used by the Internet,
making it the de facto standard for transmitting data over networks. Even network operating
systems that have their own protocols, such as Netware, also support TCP/IP.
40. Define URL?
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a subset of the Uniform Resource Identifier
(URI) that specifies where an identified resource is available and the mechanism for
retrieving it. In popular usage and in many technical documents and verbal discussions it is
often incorrectly used as a synonym for URI.[1] In popular language, a URI is also referred to
as a Web address.
41. Define ISP?
An Internet service provider (ISP, also called Internet access provider, or IAP) is a
company that offers its customer’s access to the Internet. The ISP connects to its customers
using a data transmission technology appropriate for delivering Internet Protocol datagram’s,
such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed interconnects.
ISPs may provide Internet e-mail accounts to users which allow them to communicate
with one another by sending and receiving electronic messages through their ISP's servers.
ISPs may provide other services such as remotely storing data files on behalf of their
customers, as well as other services unique to each particular ISP.
42. Define Home page?
The homepage (often written as home page) is the URL or local file that automatically
loads when a web browser starts or when the browser's "home" button is pressed. One can
turn this feature off and on, as well as specify a URL for the page to be loaded. The term is
also used to refer to the front page, web server directory index, or main web page of a website
of a group, company, organization, or individual.
43. Define Web Browser?
A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing
information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of
content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to
related resources.
The major web browsers are Windows Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari,
Google Chrome, and Opera.
44. Differentiate Application and System Software. (JAN / FEB 2009)
S No Application Software System Software
1 Used to perform specific data
processing or computational tasks to
the user.
System software is the code that controls
the hardware.
2 It runs on top of the operating system
and performs a number of tasks for
the computer system.
It forms the foundation and takes care of
the most basic tasks of the computer
system.
3 Example: MS-Word Example: Operating System
45. Difference between web page and website. (JAN 2009/JAN 2010)
S No Web page Web site
1 A web page is one screen full of
information (from a web site) that may
contain links to other pages in the web
site or links to external information.
A website is a collection of one or more
web pages designed to convey
information on a particular subject or
theme to a web user.
2 Every webpage should contain a Page
Title in the head section. A web page
may contain text, animation or
graphics elements.
Website will have a domain name.
Example: A company will have a web
site providing structured information
about the company
3 Web page is an single entity. Web site can have more than one web
page.
46. Differentiate machine language and high level language. (JAN 2010)
S No Machine language High level Language
1 Represented in numbers. Human readable form.
2 Directly executed by the Central
Processing Unit.
Should be translated into machine code
by compiler / interpreter.
3 Example: ADD A, B where A and B
are operands and ADD is an opcode.
Example: C, C++
47. Difference between Compiler and Interpreter. (JAN 2010)
S No Compiler Interpreter
1 Executes source code into target or
assembly code.
Executes source code directly or to an
intermediate form.
2 Compilers convert once the source
program.
Interpreter converts every time the
program runs.
3 Languages for compiler conversion: C,
C++.
Languages for interpreter conversion:
MATLAB, Python.

48. What is IP Address? (JAN2009)
Internet protocol address is the address of a device attached to an IP network (TCP/IP
network). Every client, server and network device is assigned an IP address, and every IP packet
traversing an IP network contains a source IP address and a destination IP address.
49. Name any four application software packages. (JAN 2009)
Word Processors
Spreadsheets
Data bases
Graphics Presentations
Web browsers
50. What is soft loading? (JAN 2009)
A soft reboot (also known as a warm reboot) is restarting a computer under software
control, without removing power or (directly) triggering a reset line. It usually, though not
always, refers to an orderly shutdown and restarting of the machine.
The Control-Alt-Delete key combination is used to allow the soft rebooting the system.
51. What are the steps involved in booting? (JAN 2009)
First, the Power On Self Tests (POST) is conducted. These tests verify that the system is
operating correctly and will display an error message and/or output a series of beeps known as
beep codes depending on the BIOS manufacturer.
Second, is initialization in which the BIOS look for the video card built in BIOS program
and runs it. The BIOS then looks for other devices' ROMs to see if any of them have BIOSes and
they are executed as well.
Third, is to initiate the boot process. The BIOS looks for boot information that is
contained in file called the master boot record (MBR) at the first sector on the disk. If it is
searching a floppy disk, it looks at the same address on the floppy disk for a volume boot sector.
Once an acceptable boot record is found the operating system is loaded which takes over control
of the computer.
52. What is the difference between text and graphical browsers? (JAN2010)
S No Text browser Graphical browser
1 No GUI. Based on GUI.
2 Links are based on text entry. Links are present as icons or images.
3 Allow users to display and interact
only with text on the web pages.
Allow users to display and interact with
various images, present on the web
pages.
4 Example: Lynx web browser Example: Internet Explorer, Netscape
Navigator.

12 MARKS
1. Give the categories of Software with example? (JAN 2009/ MAY 2009)
SOFTWARE TYPES
Application Software:
Application Software is a set of programs for a specific application. Application software
is useful for word processing, accounting, and producing statistical report, Graphics, Excel
and Data Base. Programming languages COBOL, FORTRAN, C++,VB, VC, Java
Types of Application Software
Application software enables users to perform the activities and work that computers
were designed for. The specific type of application used depends on the intended purpose,
and there are application programs for almost every need.
(a) Individual application software refers to programs individuals use at work or at
home. Examples include word processing, spreadsheet, database management, and desktop
publishing programs.
(b) Collaboration software (also called groupware) enables people at separate PC
workstations to work together on a single document or project, such as designing a new
automobile engine.
(c) Vertical application software is a complete package of programs that work together
to perform core business functions for a large organization. For example, a bank might have a
mainframe computer at its corporate headquarters connected to conventional terminals in
branch offices, where they are used by managers, tellers, loan officers, and other employees.
All financial transactions are fed to the central computer for processing. The system then
generates managers’ reports, account statements, and other essential documents.
Other Application Software Models
Shareware: Shareware is software developed by an individual or software publisher who
retains ownership of the product and makes it available for a small “contribution” fee. The
voluntary fee normally entitles users to receive online or written product documentation and
technical help.
Freeware: Freeware is software that is provided free of charge to anyone wanting to use it.
Hundreds of freeware programs are available, many written by college students and
professors who create programs as class projects or as part of their research.
Open Source Software: An open source software program is software whose programming
code is owned by the original developer but made available free to the general public, who is
encouraged to experiment with the software, make improvements, and share the
improvements with the user community
Application Software for Individual Use
The thousands of application programs that individuals use to perform computing tasks at
work and at home can be grouped into four types:
• Productivity software
• Software for household use
• Graphics and multimedia software
• Communication software
Productivity Software
Productivity software is designed to improve efficiency and performance on the job and at home, and is the largest category of application software for individual use.
Word Processing A word processing program can be used to create almost any kind of printed
document. Word processors are the most widely used of all software applications because they
are central to communication. Whatever the type of document created with a word processing
program, the essential parts of the procedure remain the same:
• create (enter) text
• edit the text
• format the document
• save and print the file
Desktop Publishing
Desktop publishing (DTP) software allows users to create impressive documents that
include text, drawings, photographs, and various graphics elements in full color. Professionalquality
publications can be produced with DTP software. Textbooks such as this one may be
designed and laid out with a desktop publishing application such as PageMaker,
QuarkXpress, or Adobe InDesign.
Spreadsheets
Spreadsheet software is an electronic version of the ruled worksheets accountants used in
the past. Spreadsheet software provides a means of organizing, calculating, and presenting
financial, statistical, and other numerical information. Businesses find spreadsheets
particularly useful for evaluating alternative scenarios. By entering various data values and
formulas into a spreadsheet, questions can be answered quickly and accurately.
For the individual user, spreadsheets fulfill many purposes, including:
• preparing and analyzing personal or business budgets
• reconciling checkbooks
• analyzing financial situations
• tracking and analyzing investments
• preparing personal financial statements
• estimating taxes
Database Management
In a computerized database system, data are stored in electronic form on a storage
medium, such as hard or floppy disks or CDs. A database is a collection of data organized in
one or more tables consisting of individual pieces of information, each located in a field, and
a collection of related fields, each collection making up one record (see Figure 5-1). A
commercial database program typically allows users to create a form for entering data. A user
can design an electronic form to make entering information into the database easier. The
information entered using such a form will become a record in a table. Users can add,
remove, or change the stored data.
Presentation Graphics
Presentation graphics software allows users to create computerized slide shows that
combine text, numbers, animation, graphics, sounds, and videos. A slide is an individual
document that is created in presentation graphics software. A slide show may consist of any
number of individual slides. For example, an instructor may use a slide show to accompany a
lecture to make it more engaging and informative. Microsoft PowerPoint and Corel
Presentations are two popular presentation software programs.
Software for Household Use

Numerous software applications designed for use in the household are available for
purchase. Among the many products available are applications for managing personal
finances, preparing tax returns, preparing legal documents, playing games, and education and
reference.
Graphics and Multimedia Software
Graphics and multimedia software allows both professional and home users to work with
graphics, video, and audio. A variety of applications software is focused in this area,
including painting and drawing software, image-editing software, video and audio editing
software, Web authoring software, and computer-aided design (CAD) software.
Communications Software
One of the major reasons people use computers is to communicate with others and to
retrieve and share information. Communications software allows users to send and receive email,
browse and search the Web, engage in group communications and discussions, and
participate in videoconferencing activities.
1. Automatic Multimedia Tagging Software
2. Advances in Speech Recognition Software
3. Pattern Recognition Software
4. Distributed Computing
System Software:
(1) When you switch on the computer the programs written in ROM is executed
which activates different units of your computer and makes it ready for you
to work.
(2) This set of programs can be called system software.
(3) System software are general programs designed for performing tasks such as
controlling all operations required to move data into and out of the computer
(4) System Software allows application packages to be run on the computer.
(5) Computer manufactures build and supply this system software with the
computer system.
An operating system is the most important piece of software on a personal computer. The
location of the operating system identifies the boot drive for the personal computer, which is
typically the hard drive. Once started, the operating system manages the computer system and
performs functions related to the input, processing, output, and storage of information,
including:
• Managing main memory, or RAM
• Configuring and controlling peripheral devices
• Managing essential file operations, including formatting or copying disks, and
renaming or deleting files
• Monitoring system performance
• Providing a user interface
2. State different language translators and explain their functions?
(a) Compiler:
A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code
written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language
(the target language, often having a binary form known as object code).
(b) Loader:
In a computer operating system, a loader is a component that locates a given program
(which can be an application or, in some cases, part of the operating system itself) in offline
storage (such as a hard disk), loads it into main storage (in a personal computer, it's called
random access memory), and gives that program control of the computer (allows it to execute
its instruction s).
A program that is loaded may itself contain components that are not initially loaded into
main storage, but can be loaded if and when their logic is needed. In a multitasking operating
system, a program that is sometimes called a dispatcher juggles the computer processor's time
among different tasks and calls the loader when a program associated with a task is not
already in main storage.
(c) Linker:
Also called link editor and binder, a linker is a program that combines object modules to
form an executable program. Many programming languages allow you to write different
pieces of code, called modules, separately. This simplifies the programming task because
you can break a large program into small, more manageable pieces. Eventually, though, you
need to put all the modules together. This is the job of the linker. In addition to combining
modules, a linker also replaces symbolic addresses with real addresses. Therefore, you may
need to link a program even if it contains only one module.
The linkage editor accepts two major types of input:
• Primary input, consisting of object decks and linkage editor control statements.
• Additional user-specified input, which can contain both object decks and control
statements, or load modules. This input is either specified by you as input, or is
incorporated automatically by the linkage editor from a call library.
Output of the linkage editor is of two types:
• A load module placed in a library (a partitioned data set) as a named member
• Diagnostic output produced as a sequential data set.
• The loader prepares the executable program in storage and passes control to it directly.
(d) Interpreter:
An interpreter normally means a computer program that executes, i.e. performs,
instructions written in a programming language. An interpreter may be a program that either
Ø executes the source code directly
Ø translates source code into some efficient intermediate representation (code) and
immediately executes this
Ø explicitly executes stored precompiled code made by a compiler which is part of the
interpreter system
(e) Assembler:
An assembler translates an assembly language source program into machine codes.
Though the assembly language is the symbolic representation of machine codes, a computer
cannot understand it. After translating the assembly language program into machine codes by the
assembler, the program becomes ready for the execution.

3. Explain in detail the steps involved in Software Development Process?
Software development life cycle model is also called as waterfall model which is followed by
majority of systems. This software development life cycle process has the following seven stages
in it namely
1. System Requirements Analysis
2. Feasibility study
3. Systems Analysis and Design
4. Code Generation
5. Testing
6. Maintenance
7. Implementation
1. System Requirements Analysis:
The first essential or vital thing required for any software development is system.
Also the system requirement may vary based on the software product that is going to
get developed. So a careful analysis has to be made about the system requirement
needed for the development of the product. After the analysis and design of the system
requirement phase the system required for the development would be complete and the
concentration can be on the software development process.
2. Feasibility study:
After making an analysis in the system requirement the next step is to make analysis of the software requirement. In other words feasibility study is also called as software requirement analysis. In this phase development team has to make
communication with customers and make analysis of their requirement and analyze the
system. By making analysis this way it would be possible to make a report of
identified area of problem. By making a detailed analysis on this area a detailed
document or report is prepared in this phase which has details like project plan or
schedule of the project, the cost estimated for developing and executing the system,
target dates for each phase of delivery of system developed and so on. This phase is the base of software development process since further steps taken in software
development life cycle would be based on the analysis made on this phase and so
careful analysis has to be made in this phase.
3. Systems Analysis and Design:
This is an important phase in system development .Here analysis is made on the
design of the system that is going to be developed. In other words database design, the
design of the architecture chosen, functional specification design, low level design
documents, high level design documents and so on takes place. Care must be taken to
prepare these design documents because the next phases namely the development
phase is based on these design documents. If a well structured and analyzed design
document is prepared it would reduce the time taken in the coming steps namely
development and testing phases of the software development life cycle.
4. Code Generation:
This is the phase where actual development of the system takes place. That is
based on the design documents prepared in the earlier phase code is written in the
programming technology chosen. After the code is developed generation of code also
takes place in this phase. In other words the code is converted into executables in this
phase after code generation.
5. Testing:
A software or system which is not tested would be of poor quality. This is
because this is the phase where system developed would be tested and reports are
prepared about bugs or errors in system. To do this testing phase there are different
levels and methods of testing like unit testing, system test and so on. Based on the
need the testing methods are chosen and reports are prepared about bugs. After this
process the system again goes to development phase for correction of errors and again
tested. This process continues until the system is found to be error free. To ease the
testing process debuggers or testing tools are also available.
To develop reliable and good quality Program/Software we need to follow the
following 5 steps :
1. Requirement Specification.
2. Analysis.
3. Design.
4. Implementation.
5. Verification and testing.
4. Write a short note on evolution of Internet?
(FEB2009/FEB2010)
• The Internet is a network of networks
• Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world
• In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world
• Information in every field starting from education, science, health, medicine,
history, and geography to business, news, etc. can be retrieved through Internet
• You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the
world
• In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called ARPANET

(Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )
• Around 1970, NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created. With
the advancement of modern communication facilities,
• By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet
• Internet is not a governmental organization.
• The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society.
• This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global
information exchange.
• Internet has more than one million computers attached to it.
• Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and
workstations were developed to get connected to LAN.
• Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with
each other with NCP (National Control Protocol).
• Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for
communication.
• Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) in to the world of networking
• The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head, no
official censors, no bosses, and no board of directors. Nobody controls the Internet
and in principle, any computer can speak to any other computer, as long as it obeys
the technical rules of the TCP/IP protocol.
• This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and
research institutions, into elementary and high schools, colleges, public libraries,
commercial sectors.
5. Explain various types of Internet Connections?
(a) Cable Modem Broadband
A connection through an ordinary coax cable through your digital cable provider is the
easiest and most common way to connect to the Internet at high speeds. Most connections
average about 400K/second download and 128K upload. Cable's largest advantage is its
availability and ability to produce multiple upstreams (when sending). The biggest downside to a
cable connection is the slow-downs you'll experience during gluts of service when several people
are sharing the network. Expect to pay around $40 per month for this service.
(b) Digital Subscriber Link (DSL)
This is a connection using your phone line and a special modem. You have to be within so
many feet of a phone station "hub" and your line has to be of a newer type to qualify. Good
portions of the population (especially in urban areas) match these criteria and can get a DSL
connection. The modem uses a sound frequency well above the human ear's limits and will not
interfere with normal telephone operation. Most connections average about 400-650K per second
in download (some are faster) while anywhere from 128-256K in upload speed is available as
well. The biggest downside to this type of connection is the availability. The biggest boon to this
technology is its reliability and that network slow-downs are less common than with a cable
connection.
(c) Satellite (HST)
This is the most expensive alternative for getting a high-speed connection to the Internet.
These come in two varieties, 1-way and 2-way. One-way satellites are like television receivers:
they only accept signals. You'll still have to use your modem to connect for uploads. A 2-way

connection, however, both sends and receives and is telephone-free.
Average speeds for this type of connection are 600K and higher for download and 128K for the
upload. Averages tend to be higher because there are far fewer users on the network to slow
things down. The biggest up side to this technology is that it is available just about everywhere.
The biggest downside to this type of connection is two-fold: price and reliability. Expect to
spend $600 or more for the equipment and another $50 or more a month for the connection.
6. Define various Internet Terminologies? (At least 15 terms) (MAY 2009)
1. Modem
2. Web page
3. Web browser
4. Web site
5. Blogs
6. Home page
7. URL
8. IP Address
9. ISP
10. WWW
11. Intranet
12. Internet protocol
13. Domain Name System
14. Web sever
15. Email
16. Email Address
17. Hyperlink
18. Usenet
19. Internet Search Engine
20. Internet Chat
7. Explain various Internet applications?
(or)

Explain the Internet services in detail. (MAY 2009 / FEB2010)
1. World Wide Web:
World Wide Web is abbreviated as WWW, web or W3. This is a
multimedia service which is most popular on internet. WWW content displays as a page.
Along with text formatted in various fonts, styles, colors, and sizes, the pages may also
contain pictures, images, animation, sound, video, movies in a single interface. The WWW is
the fast growing part of the internet.
2. Rich Internet Application
Rich Internet Applications (RIA) are web applications that have the features and
functionality of traditional desktop applications. RIA's typically transfer the processing
necessary for the user interface to the web client but keep the bulk of the data (i.e maintaining
the state of the program, the data etc) back on the application server.
RIA's typically:
• run in a web browser, or do not require software installation
• run locally in a secure environment called a sandbox
3. Electronic Mail (E-mail)
E-mail is the fast, easy and inexpensive way to communicate with other internet users
around the world. E-mail can also be used to send or receive documents, images, audio-video
etc., as an attachment along with the mail.
4. File Transfer Protocol:
FTP is a method of transferring files from one computer to another, connected on the
internet. It is system of rules and software program that enables user to transfer information
between computers. The uploading and downloading of files from the remote computer is
possible using FTP if the remote machine access is permitted.
5. Telnet:
The word ‘telnet’ is derived by combining the words telecommunication and network. Telnet
is a protocol which provides the capability to log onto a remote computer. Hence it is called a
‘remote login’. When you connect your computer to another computer using telnet, we can
interact with another computer. The computer on which we are working is called as a local
computer.
6. Internet Relay Chat: (IRC):
IRC is the service provided by the internet to allow users on the internet to communicate and

carry on conversations with other users via the computer. The simultaneous online
conversations with other users from anywhere in the world are possible using IRC.
Requirements for IRC:
1. The users for communication must be connected to the internet at the same time.
2. They must run the right software.
3. They must actively participate in chatting
Types of conversations:
Public
Allows every user in the channel to see what the user types.
Private

Allows to see messages only to two users who may or may not be on same channel.
Examples: mIRC, Virc, LeafChat.
7. Chatting and Instant Messaging:
The users on the internet communicate with each other by tying in real time. This is called chatting. The chat programs allow chatting.
Advantages of chatting:
• It is quite cheap.
• Unlike E-mail, it is done on real time.
• Unlike IRC, the user does not need to have any special software to connect to any caht rooms.
8. Internet Telephony:
The internet telephony is used to exchange telephonic information using internet. It needs
hardware and software. When the internet is used as a transmission medium with requested
hardware and software for telephone calls, it is called ‘internet telephony’.
It consists of:
• End Devices: Traditional telephones or audio equipped personal computers.
• Gatekeepers: provide call admission control, bandwidth management; address
translation, authentication and user location.
• Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP): This is required for communication.
9. Video Conferencing:
The video conferencing system allows the users at remote locations to communicate
using a combination of text, audio and video information. Thus, it enables direct face-to-face
communication across networks.
Types:
• Point-to-point: It allows communication between two parties at remote locations.
• Multi-point: It allows communication which involves more than two parties.
Communication Tools:
• Camera
• Visual Display
• Audio System
• Microphones
• Loud Speakers
• Compression
• User Interface
• Control System
10. Commerce through Internet:
Electronic communication technologies are used to transmit business information and
transact business. This type of business model is called electronic Commerce or E-commerce
or EC. Buying and selling of goods and services online is called E-commerce.
The information is exchanged digitally to conduct the business which includes Electronic
Data Interchange (EDI) AND Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT).
Advantages of E-commerce:
• It has established an electronic global worldwide market.
• The market operates 24 hours and 365 days a year.

• Organizations and individuals are able to market goods and services.
• The purchasing is supported by secure facilities such as digital signature and
encryption.
11. Newsgroups: (Usenet):
Newsgroups are international groups which concentrate on a particular topic and try to gather information about the topic. Newsgroups usually describe topical discussion groups and not the traditional ‘News’. Thus newsgroups provide a source of information. For any particular topic, the interested people write news on that topic and post the written information or articles to the newsgroups. The other interested people can read, reply and comment on them.
Thus, newsgroups act as a medium through which users can get information, they can take part in the discussion on the interested topic and can ask questions from the internet
community.
12. Mailing Lists (List server):
The mailing list is a method of internet communication which enables people with similar interests from all over the world to communicate and share information with each other. The administration of the mailing list groups is performed by software called ‘list server’.
A list server continuously observes for incoming mail on a certain mailbox. If any message is received, the listener forwards it to a list of other addresses. The user must have an
E-mail account and list server software loaded on his computer. The user has to send a message from his E-mail account to the desired list server located on computer networks
throughout the world. When the user subscribes to a list server, messages from the other subscribers are automatically sent to his/her E-mail address.
 
8. Brief the major problems encountered in the software system?
(a) Correctness:
The correctness of the software system refers to
• Agreement of program code with specification.
• Independence of the actual application of the software system.
(b) Reliability
Reliability of a software system is defined as the probability that this system fulfills a
function for a specified number of input trails under specified input conditions in a specified
time interval.
Also if the test produces the lower error rate the system is reliable. The error rate
depends on the frequency of inputs and on the probability that an individual input will lead to
error.
(c) User Friendliness
Adequacy
• The input required for the user should be limited to only what is necessary.
• The performance offered by the software system should be adapted to extensibility.
• The results that a software system delivers should be output in a clear and wellstructured
form and be easy be interpret.
Learnability
• The user interface should present more information as close to reality as possible and
permit efficient utilization of the software’s failures.

• The user manual should be structured clearly and simply.
(d) Robustness
A software system is robust if the consequences of an error in its operation, in the
input, or in the hardware, in relation to a given application, and inversely proportional to
the probability of the occurrence of this error in the given application.
(e) Maintainability
The maintainability of the software depends on
• Readability
• Extensibility
• Testability
(f) Readability
It depends on
• Form of representation
• Programming style
• Consistency
• Structure of the program
• Programming language used
• Quality of documentation
• Tools available for inspection
(e) Extensibility
It depends on
• Structure of the software system
• Readability of the code
• Availability of program documentation
• Implementation program
(f) Testability
Allows to debugging of the program during execution.
It depends on
Modularity: well-structured programs suitable for stepwise testing
Structuredness: Useful for systematic testing of all components.
(g) Efficiency
Ability of a software system to fulfill its purpose with the best possible
utilization of all necessary resources (time, storage, transmission, channels and
peripherals)
(h) Portability
A software system which can be adapted to run on computers other than the one which it was designed.
It depends on
i. Degree of hardware independence
ii. Implementation language
iii. Specialized system functions
iv. Hardware properties
v. System d e p e n d e n t e l em e n t s a r e c o l l e c t e d i n e a s i l y
i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e program components.
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