Subject
Code & Name: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
UNIT I – ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
1. Define environment.
Environment
is defined as the sum of total of all the living and non-living things around
us influencing one another.
2.
What
are all the categories of environment?
The
main categories of environment are biotic and abiotic environments. The abiotic
environment can further be classified into atmosphere (air), lithosphere
(soil), and hydrosphere (water). The biotic environment is called as biosphere.
3.
Write
the components of environment?
Air (Atmosphere)
Land (Lithosphere)
Water (Hydrosphere)
4. Define ecosystem.
A
group of organisms interacting among themselves and with environment is known
as ecosystem. Thus an ecosystem is a community of different species interacting
with one another and with their nonliving environs exchanging energy and
matter.
5. List any four characteristics of
ecosystem.
(i). Ecosystem
is the major ecological unit.
(ii). It
contains both biotic and abiotic components.
(iii). The
boundary of the ecosystem is not rigidly defined and it is flexible.
(iv). Through
the biotic and abiotic components nutrient cycle and energy flow occur.
6. What are the different types of ecosystem
1. Natural
Ecosystem
2. Artificial
Ecosystem
3. Incomplete Ecosystem
7. Write about autotrophic organisms.
The
producers are plants and bacteria, capable of producing their own food
photosynthatically or by chemical synthesis. These organisms are, thus,
self-nourishing as they can produce the as they can produce their own food by
using the energy from the physical environment surrounding them .them are also
know as autotrophic organism or producer.
8.
Write
about heterotrophic organisms
These
organisms depend on other animals or on the food produced by other organisms for their nourishment, they are also called
as heterotrophic organisms or consumers.
9.
What
do you know about food chain and food web?
A
food chain is a picture or model that shows the flow of energy from Autotrophs
to a series of organisms in an environment. The network like interaction of
organisms is called as food web.
10.
Define
food chain.
The
sequence of eating and being eaten in an ecosystem is known as food chain or
transfer of food energy from the plant through a series of organisms is referred
to as food chain.
11.
Name
three types of food chains.
a. Grazing food chain b. Detrius or Decomposer food chain c. Parasitic food chain
12.
Define
food web.
The interlocking pattern of various
food chain in an ecosystem is known as food web.
13.
Define
ecological pyramids.
Graphical representation of structure
and function of tropic levels of an ecosystem, starting with producers at the
bottom and each successive tropic levels forming the apex is known as an
ecological pyramids.
14.
Define
primary succession.
The succession taking place in areas that have not already been
occupied by any community is known as primary succession.
15.
Define
secondary succession.
Development of a new community in an area
where the previously existing community was removed and the ecological
conditions are favourable is termed as secondary succession.
16.
Define
biodiversity.
Biodiversity is defined as the
variety and variability among all group of living organisms and the ecosystem
in which they occur.
17.
What
are the three types of biodiversity?
1. Genetic Level or
Genetic diversity
2. Species Level or
Species diversity
3. Ecosystem Level or
Ecosystem diversity.
18.
Define
genetic diversity.
Genetic diversity is the
variation of genes within species. Genes are the basic units of all life on
earth. They are responsible for both the
similarities and the differences between organisms.
19.
Define
species diversity.
Species diversity is the number of different species of living
things available in an area. Species is
a group of plants or animals that are similar and able to breed and produce
viable offspring under natural conditions.
This type of diversity is the most common level of diversity.
20.
Define
ecosystem diversity.
Ecosystem diversity is the variety of ecosystems in a given
place. An ecosystem is a community of
organisms and their physical environment interacting together. An ecosystem can cover a large area, such as
a whole forest, or a small area, such as a pond.
21.
What
are the two main functions of biodiversity?
a. It is the source of
species on which the human compete depends for food, fiber, shelter, fuel and
medicine.
b. It depends on the
biosphere, which in turn leads to the stability in climate, water, soil, air,
and the overall health of biosphere.
22.
Define
biogeography.
The study of the geographical distribution of biological
species relating to the geological, evolutionary, climatological, geographical,
biological reasons for the distribution is called biogeography Define
biogeography. The study of the geographical distribution of biological species
relating to the geological, evolutionary, climatological, geographical,
biological reasons for the distribution is called biogeography.
23.
Biodiversity
hotspots are areas:
i. Rich
in plant and animal species, particularly many endemic species, and
ii. Under immediate
threat from impacts such as land clearing, development pressures, salinity,
weeds and feral animals.
24.
List
some of the major biodiversity threats.
a.Habitat destruction.
b.Extension of agriculture.
c. Filling up of wetlands.
d.Conversion of rich bio-diversity site for
human settlement and industrial
development.
e. Destruction of coastal areas.
25.
What
do you know about conservation of biodiversity?
Conservation is defined as the management of human use of the
biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit while
maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future
generations’.
26.
What
are the two types of biodiversity conservation?
a. In-situ conservation
b. Ex-situ conservation
27.
What
is endemic species?
The
species, which are found only in particular region are known as endemic species
28.
Define
in-situ conservation.
In-situ
conservation involves protection of fauna and flora within its natural habitat,
where the species normally occurs is called in-situ conservation.
29.
Define
ex-situ conservation.
Ex-situ
conservation involves protection of fauna and flora outside the natural
habitats.
PART-B
1. Explain
briefly about the characteristic of ecosystems.
2. How
can you classify the ecosystems?
3. Structure
and function of an ecosystem.
4. Energy
flow in the ecosystem.
5. Describe
ecological succession.
6. Explain
food web.
7. Explain
food chain.
8. Give
an account on ecological pyramid.
9. Explain
types of aquatic ecosystems.
10.
Biogeographical classification of India.
11.
Explain about the different types of
biodiversity.
12.
Write about value of biodiversity.
13.
India as a mega-diversity nation.
14.
Hot-spots of biodiversity.
15.
Threats to biodiversity.
16.
Endangered and endemic species of India.
17.
Explain conservation of biodiversity.
UNIT II – ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
1.
Define pollution.
Environmental pollution may be defined
as the unfavorable alteration of our surroundings its change the quality of the
air, water and land which interferes with the health of humans and other life
on earth.
2.
Types
of pollutants.
i)
Biodegradable pollutants
ii)
Non-biodegradable pollutants
3.
Define
air pollution.
Air pollution is defined as the
presence of one or more contaminates like dust, smoke, mist and odor in the
atmosphere which are injurious to human beings, plants and animals.
4. What are the different sources of
air pollution?
The two main sources of air pollution
are
a.
Natural Sources.
Natural sources include dust storms,
volcanoes, lightening sea salt, smoke, and forest fires.
b.
Man made or anthropogenic sources.
The man made sources are agricultural
activities, industrial growth, domestic wastes, automobile exhausts, etc,
5.
Define
photo chemical smog.
A photochemical reaction is any
chemical reaction activated by light that air pollution knows as photochemical
smog is a mixture of more than 100 primary and secondary pollutants formed
under the influence of sun light. Its formation begins inside automobile
engines and the boilers an in coal-burning power and industrial plants.
6. What do you know about particulate?
In general the term ‘particulate’
refers to all atmospheric substances that are not gases. They can be suspended droplets or solid
particles or mixtures of the two.
Particulates can be composed of materials ranging in size from 100mm
down 0.1 mm and less. The chemical
composition of particulate pollutants is very much dependent upon the origin of
the particulate.
7. Define suspended particulate matter
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is a
complex mixture of small and large particles with size less than 100u varying
origin and chemical composition.
8. Differentiate between Mist and Fog.
Mist is made up of liquid droplets
generally smaller than 10um which are formed by condensation in the atmosphere
or are released from industrial operations.
Fog is similar to mist but the droplet
size bigger (> 10u) and water is the liquid. Fog is sufficiently dense to
incomprehensible vision.
9. What are effects of air pollution
on animals?
Animals take up fluorides of air through
plants. Their milk production falls and their teeth and bones are affected.
They are also prone to lead poisoning and paralysis.
10.
List
some of the effects of air pollution on physical properties of atmosphere.
a.
Decrease in the visibility
b.
Reduction of Solar radiation.
c.
Effects on weather conditions.
d.
Effects on atmospheric constituent.
11.
Briefly
describe about the impacts of carbon monoxide on human health.
At lower doses, they can impair
concentration and neurobehavioral function whereas in higher doses they can
cause heart pain and even death. When
inhaled it has the ability to combine with haemoglobin of blood and reduce its
ability in transfer of oxygen to the brain, heart, and other important organs. But carboxyaemoglobin contents of blood
depend on the CO contents of the air inhald, time of exposure and the activity
of the person inhaling. It is
particularly dangerous to babies and people with heart disease.
12.
How
air pollution can be controlled at source?
a. Proper
use of the existion equipment
b. Change
in process.
c. Modification
or Replacement of equipments.
d. Installation
of controlling equipments.
13.
Define
water pollution.
Water pollution may be defined as the
alteration in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water which
may cause harmful effects on humans and aquatic life.
14.
What
are the effects of in organic substances in water?
a. Makes
the water unfit for drinking and other purposes.
b. Corrosion of metals exposed to such waters.
c. Causes
skin cancers, damages to spinal,CNS, liver and kidneys.
d. Reduces
crop yield.
15.
How
do the nutrients from agricultural fields affect the watershed?
Enrichment of nutrients (Eutrophication) from
surrounding watershed affects the penetration of light through the water,
causing damage to the characteristic of water and aquatic life.
16.
Define
soil pollution.
Soil pollution is defined as the
contamination of soil by human and natural activities which may cause harmful
effects on living beings.
.
17.
Define
marine pollution.
Marine pollution is defined as the
discharge of waste substance into the sea resulting in harm to living resource,
hazards to human health, hindrance to fishery and impairment of quality for use
of sea water.
18.
Define
noise pollution.
Noise pollution is defined as the unwanted,
unpleasant or disagreeable that causes discomfort for all living beings.
19.
What
is the cause of noise pollution?
a.
Road traffic noise
b.
Air traffic noise
c.
Rail traffic noise
d.
Domestic noise
e.
Industrial noise
f.
Incompatible land use.
20.
Define
thermal pollution.
Thermal pollution is defined as the
addition of excess of undesirable heat to water that makes it harmful to man,
animal or aquatic life or otherwise causes significant departures from the
normal activities of aquatic communities in water.
21.
What
are solid wastes?
The
wastes generated and discarded from human and animal activites that are
normally solid are called as solid wastes.
22.
What
are solid know about on –site handling?
The activities involved in handling of solid wastes, at the
point of generation, until they are placed in the containers used for their
storage before collection are called as on –site handling. Handling requires to
move the filled containers to the collection point and to return the empty
containers to the generation point for the next collection.
23.
What
is the purpose of on-site processing?
On-site processing of solid wastes is
used to recover the reusable materials from the solid wastes. This process also
helps in reducing the volume of solid wastes or altering the physical form of
the solid wastes.
24.
What
are the types of municipal solid wastes collection system?
1.
Hauled container.
2.
Stationary container systems.
25.
What
are the main purposes of processing techniques used in solid waste management?
a. To
improve the efficiency of solid waste management systems
b. To
recover the usable materials for reuse.
c. To
recover conversion products and energy.
26.
List
out the techniques of processing of solid wastes.
a. Compaction
(Mechanical volume reduction)
b. Incineration(Chemical
volume reduction)
c. Shredding
(Mechanical size reduction)
d. Component
separation
e. Drying
and Dewatering (Moisture content reduction).
27.
Name
some of the mechanical separation methods of solid wastes?
a. Air
separation
b. Magnetic
separation
c. Screening
28.
List
out the three types of system used in the collection of wastewater.
a. Separation
System
b. Combined
System
c. Partially
Separate system.
29.
What
is the main objective of sludge digestion?
The main objective of sludge digestion
is to break the organic matter of the sludge into liquid and sample compounds
which are stable and unfold in nature.
30.
How
can you define hazardous wastes?
Wastes that create danger to the living community, immediately or over a
period of time, are called as hazardous wastes.
31.
What
are biomedical wastes?
Biomedical wastes are defined as any
solid, semi solid or liquid waste including its containers and any intermediate
product which are generated during diagnosis, treatment or immunization of
human being/ animals or in production and testing of biological parts.
32.
Can
you list out some of the benefits of pollution prevention?
a. Minimizes
health risks.
b. Reduces
the production of pollutants to a minimum or eliminates them.
c. Accelerates
the reduction or elimination of pollutants.
d. Helps
avoid transferring pollutants from one medium to another, thereby preventing
diffusion in the environment.
e.
Helps promote a more effective use of
energy, materials and resources.
PART
B:
1. Explain
air pollution.
2. What
are the different sources and types of air pollutants?
3. How
do you control air pollution?
4. Explain
water pollution.
5. Write
about soil pollution.
6. What
are the different sources of soil pollution?
7. Give
an account on marine pollution.
8. What
are the different sources of marine pollution?
9. Describe
the Thermal pollution.
10.
Explain about nuclear hazards.
11.
Role of an individual in prevention of
pollution.
12.
Explain clearly about the stages of
solid waste management.
13.
What are the important stages of
hazardous waste management?
UNIT III – NATURAL RESOURCES
1.
Define
renewable resources.
The renewable resources are those resources which have
the inherent capacity to reappear, or replenish themselves
by quick recycling , reproduction, and
replacement within a
reasonable time ,and to maintain themselves.
Example;
air, water, soil (land), and plants, and animals
2.
Define
non-renewable resources.
The
non-renewable resources are those that do not have the ability for recycling
and replacement within a reasonable period of time.
Example;
minerals, coal oil, natural gas, ground water
3. List some of the renewable energy
sources.
a.
Solar energy
b.
Wind energy
c.
Hydro energy
d.
Geo-thermal energy
e.
Ocean thermal energy
4.
Define
deforestation.
Deforestation is the process of removal of (or)
elimination of forest resources due to many natural or man-made activities. in
general deforestation means
destruction of forests.
5.
What
is mining?
Mining is the process of
extracting mineral resources and fossil fuels like coal from the
earth. These deposits are found in the forest
region and any operation of
mining will naturally affect the forest
.mining operation requires
removal of vegetation
along with underlying soil
mantle.
6.
Define
drought.
Drought is nothing but scarcity of water, which occurs due to
inadequate rainfall, late arrival of rains and excessive withdrawal of ground
water.
7.
Define
food resources.
Food
is an essential requirement for the human survival. Each person has minimum
food requirement, the main components of food are carbohydrates, fats protein,
minerals, and vitamins.
8.
Uses
of forest.
a.
Wood used as fuel.
b.
Various industries. Used raw materials
as pulp ,paper, board , timber
c.
Many plants are utilized in preparing
medicines and drugs
d.
Forests products, like gums resins,
dyes.
9.
Types
of mining.
a.
surface mining :
It involves
mining of minerals from the shallow deposits.
b.
underground mining:
It involves
mining of minerals from deep deposits.
10.
What
is hydrological cycle?
The water from various water bodies
gets evaporated by the solar energy, and
falls again on the earth in the form of rain or snow and enter into the
living organisms and plants and
ultimately returns to the ocean .this process is called hydrological cycle.
Clouds →water (ocean, lake, river)
→living organisms &plants
11.
Define
floods.
A flood is an overflow of water,
whenever the magnitude of flow of water exceeds the carrying capacity of the
channel within its banks.
12.
Cases
of flood.
a. Heavy
rainfall, melting of snow (ice), sudden release of eater from dams, often
causes floods in the low-lying coastal area.
b. Prolonged
downpour can also cause the over-flowing of lakes and rivers resulting into
floods.
c. The
removal of dense and uniform forest cover over the hilly zones leads to
occurrence of floods.
13.
List
some of the food resources available in the world.
Major food sources available in the
world to cater the human’s hunger are 12 types of seeds and grains, 3 root
crops, 20 common fruits and vegetables, 6 mammals, 2 domestic fowl, few fishes
and other forms of marine life etc.
14.
Define
Traditional Agriculture.
Traditional Agriculture can be
classified as Traditional Subsistence agriculture and Traditional Intensive
agriculture. Traditional Subsistence agriculture produces enough crops or live
stock for a farm family’s survival and in good years, a surplus to sell or put
aside for hard times. In Traditional Intensive agriculture farmers increase
their inputs of human and draft labour, fertilizer, and water to get a higher
yield per area of cultivated land to produce enough food.
15.
Write
the advantages and disadvantages of petroleum as a energy resources?
As
a source of energy petroleum has many advantages
a. It
is relatively cheap to extract and transport
b. It
requires little processing to produce desired products and
c.
It has relatively high net and useful
energy yield.
However it has certain disadvantages
also,
a. Produces Environmental pollution
b. Oil spills, in ocean cause water pollution and
is expensive to clean up.
16.
Write short
notes on Tidal energy.
Tides, the alternate rise and fall of
sea water possess lot of energy. The identified tidal power potential in India
is around 9000 MW. Currently France, Russia, china and Canada are effectively
utilizing the tidal energy to produce 2 to 3% of their energy demand.
17.
Define Soil
Erosion.
Soil erosion is the movement of soil components, especially surface
litter and top soil, from one place to another. The two main movers are flowing
water and wind.
18.
List
some ways to protect soil.
a. When the buildings are constructed, all the
trees shall be saved.
b. Setting a composite bin and it shall be
used for producing mulch and soil
c. Conditioner for yard and garden planetso
organic methods can be used for growing
vegetables.
d. Strictly enforcing laws and policies that
minimize soil erosion, salt buildup and water logging.
19.
What
is equitable use of resources?
The Equitable use of resources is a
concept that deals with the rational use of resources so that a harmony between
man’s resource requirement and its availability can be established.
20.
Define
drought.
Drought is nothing but scarcity of
water which occurs due to inadequate rainfall, late arrival of rains and
excessive withdrawal of ground water.
21.
Give
the classification of Mineral Resources.
Energy resources(coal, oil, natural
gas, uranium, and geothermal energy; metallic mineral resources (iron, copper
and aluminum) and nonmetallic minerals resources (salt, gypsum and clay, sand,
phosphates, water, and soil).
22.
Write
short note on blue baby syndrome.
When the nitrogenous fertilizers are
applied in the fields they leach deep into the soil the contaminate the ground
water. the nitrate concentration in the water gets increased. When the nitrate
concentration exceeds 25mg /lit they cause series health problems called blue
baby syndrome this disease affects infants and leads even to death.
23.
Define
energy.
Energy may be defined as any property,
which can be converted into work (or) the capacity to do work.
24.
Write
short notes on petroleum gas.
It is the mixture of three hydrocarbons butane, propane and ethane. The
main constituent of petroleum gas is butane. The above gases are in gaseous
state in ordinary pressure but they can be liquefied under high pressure. So it
is called as LPG. (Liquefied petroleum Gas).
A domestic cylinder contains 14 kg of LPG. A
strong smelling substance called ethyl mercaptian is added to LPG gas cylinder
to help in the detection of gas leakage.
25.
List
some of the renewable energy sources.
a.
Solar energy
b.
Wind energy
c.
Hydro energy
d.
Geo-thermal energy
e.
Ocean thermal energy
f.
Biogas
26.
Define
wind energy.
Moving air is called wind. Energy
recovered from the force of the wind is
called wind energy. The energy possessed by wind because of its high speed. The
wind energy is harnessed by making use of wind mills.
27.
What
is ote?
There is often large temperature
difference between the surface level
and deeper level of the tropical oceans. This temperature difference
can be utilized to generate electricity. The
energy available due to the difference in temperature of water is called
ocean thermal energy.
28.
Define
geo thermal energy.
Temperature of the earth increases at
a rate of 20-75ºC per km, when we move down the earth surface. High temperature and high pressure steam fields
exist below the earth’s surface in many places. The energy harnessed from the
high temperature present inside the earth is called geothermal energy.
29.
Define
LPG.
The petroleum gas obtained during the
cracking and fractional distillation can be easily converted into liquid under
high pressure called as LPG.LPG is colorless and odorless gas. But during
bottling some mercaptans is added, which produces bad odour.
30.
What
is land degradation?
Land degradation is the process of
deterioration of soil or loss of fertility of the soil.
PART B:
1. Discuss
the effect of deforestation.
2. What
are the cases of soil erosion?
3. Explain
forest resources.
4. Explain
about fresh water resources.
5. Environmental
effects of extracting and using mineral resources.
6. Write
about World food problems,
7. Changes
caused by agriculture and overgrazing.
8. Effects
of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems.
9. Explain
about land degradation.
10.
Write about man induced landslides.
11.
Role of an individual in conservation of
natural resources.
12.
Equitable
use of resources for sustainable lifestyles.
UNIT
IV– SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1.
State
the declaration about the sustainable development.
The Rio declaration states that,
“human beings are at the center or concern for sustainable development. They are entitled to a health and productive
life in harmony with the nature. Rvery
generation should leave air. Water and soil resources without any pollution as
pure as it came to the Earth.”
2.
Define
sustainable development.
Sustainable development is defined as
meeting the needs of the preset without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
3. What are the three important
components of sustainable development?
The
three important components of sustainable development are
a. Economic
development (like industrial development, creating job opportunities,
utilization of natural resources for developing the quality of life)
b. Community
development (providing food, shelter, cloth, education, and other essentials
for the human beings).
c. Environmental
protection (providing clear air, water and environment for the present and
future generations and utilization of resources in a sustainable manner).
4. Define sustainable development
indicators
Sustainable development Indicators
(SDI) is various statistical values that collectively measure the capacity to
meet present and future needs. SDI will
provide information crucial to decisions on national policy and to the general
public.
5. What are the uses of sustainable
development indicators?
The indicators are used by decision
makers and the policy makers at all levels in order to monitor the
progress towards attaining sustainable
development. These are also used to
increase forcus on the sustainable development.
6. Define sustainability.
Sustainability can be defined as the
ability of a society or ecosystem to continue functioning into the indefinite
future without being forced into decline through complete loss of its strength
or overloading of key resources on which that system depends.
7. Define resistance stability and
resilience stability.
Resistance stability is the ability of
a system to remain stable in the face of stresses and Resilience stability of
the system to recover from the disturbance occurred due to the activities
happened.
8. Define urbanization.
Urbanization is defined as ‘the
process movement of human population from rural areas to urban areas in search in search of better economic
interests with better education, communication, health, civic facilities and
other day to day needs.
9. What are problems or discomforts
faced by rural people?
a. Lack of modernization of agricultural sector.
b. Lack of job opportunities.
c. Poor life style.
d. Poor health facilities Poor education
facilities.
e. Poor transportation facilities.
f. Poor availability of energy.
10.
What
are the uses of energy in urban areas?
Energy
is used in an urban area for the following.
a. For
industrial activities
b. For
transportation
c. For
water apply
d. For
building & commercial use
e. For
cleaning of pollutants
f. For
essential services.
11.
Define
water conservation.
The process of saving water for future
utilization is known as water conservation.
12.
Define
rain water harvesting.
Rain water harvesting is a technique
of capturing and storing of rainwater for further utilization.
13.
Define
watershed.
Water shed is defined as the land area
from which water drains under the influence of gravity into a steam, lake,
reservoir or other body of surface water.
14.
What
do you know about watershed?
A watershed is defined as the geographic area
from which water in a particular stream, lake or estuary originates. It includes entire area of land that drains
into the water body. It is separate from
other system by high points in the area such as hills or slopes.
15.
What
is watershed management?
Watershed management is a process
aimed at protecting and restoring the habitat and water resources of a
watershed, incorporating the needs of multiple stakeholders.
16.
What
are the impacts of human activities on watershed?
a. Alteration
of water course
b. Addition
of pollution sources
c. Urbanization
d. Securing
of channels.
17.
What
are the two important principles of watershed management?
The
two important principles of watershed management are:
a. To
preserve the environment, and
b. To
use the most cost-effective means to achieve this goal.
18.
Name
some of the factors causing relocation of people.
a. Development
activities
b. Natural
and man-made disasters
c. Conservation
initiatives.
19.
Define
environmental ethics.
Environmental ethics refers to the
issues, principals and guidelines reading to human interactions with their
environment.
20.
Define
resettlement.
Resettlement is defined as the process
of simple relocation or displacement of human population without considering
their individual, community or societal needs.
21.
Define
rehabilitation.
Rehabilitation is defined as the
process of replacing the lost economic assets, rebuilding the community system
that have been weakened by displacement, attending to the psychological trauma
of forced separation from livelihood.
22.
What
are the factors that influence climate change on the earth?
Climate
change on the earth is influenced by the following factors.
a. Variations
in the Earth’s orbital characteristics.
b. Atmospheric
carbon dioxide variations.
c. Volcanic
eruptions
d. Variations
in solar output.
23.
List
out any four effects of climate change.
Mean sea level is increased on an average of
around 1.8mm per year. Many ecosystems of the world have to adapt to the rapid
change in global temperature. The rate of species extinction will be increased.
Human agriculture, forestry, water resources and health will be affected.
24.
Define
green house effect.
The green house effects may be defined
as the progressive warming up of the earth’s surface due to blanketing effect
of manmade co2 in atmosphere.
25.
Define
global warming.
The increased the inputs of co2
and other green house gases into the atmosphere from human activities will
enhance the earth’s natural green house effects of raising the average global
temperature of the atmosphere near the surface. This enhanced the green house
effect is called warming.
26.
How
can global warming are controlled.
a. Reduction
in consumption of fossil fuel such as coal and petroleum.
b. Use
of biogas plants.
c. Use
of nuclear power plants.
d. Increasing
forest cover.
e. Use
of unleaded petrol in automobiles.
f. Installation
of pollution controlling devices in automobiles and industries.
27.
Define
acid rain.
Normally rain water is always slightly
acidic because of the fact that CO2 present in the atmosphere gets
dissolved on it. Because of the presence the of SO2 and NO2
gases as pollutants in the atmosphere, the pH of the rain water is further
lowered. This type precipitation of water called acid rain or acid deposition.
28.
List
any four impacts of acid rain.
a. Both
dry and wet deposition of sulphur dioxide significantly increases the rate of
corrosion of lime stone, sand and marble.
b. Forest
tree population is effected by acid rain.
c. Acid
rain in combination with ozone may damage the wxy coating on leaves and
needles. This may weaken or damage them
and provide opportunities for disease to enter the tree.
d. Acid
rain may change the characteristics of soil and eventually pollute the streams
and lakes.
29.
Define
wet deposition and dry deposition. Is
there any difference in damage due to these two types of deposition?
Wet deposition refers to acidic rain,
fog, and snow. As this acidic water
flowers over and through the ground, it afferts plants and animals in many
ways. Dry deposition refers to acidic
gases and particles. About half of the
acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition. Both wet and dry deposition can cause the
same damage.
30.
How
can we minimize the formation of acid rain?
a. By
reducing pollution from industries,
b. By
using other sources of energy,
c. By
using cleaner automobiles.
31.
Define
ozone layer.
Ozone is a gas O3 found
thorough the atmosphere but most highly concentration in the stratosphere
between 10 and 50 km above sea level, which it is known as the ozone layer.
32.
Name
any three most important types of CFCwhich are responsible for ozone depletion.
a. Trichlorofluoromethene,
b. Dichlorodifluoromethane,
c. 1,
1, 2 Trichlorotrifluoroethane.
33.
What
are the harmful effects of ozone layer depletion on human beings?
a. Reddening
of skin in sun shine (Sun burn)
b. Skin
Cancer.
c. Reduction
in body’s immunity to disease.
d. Eye
disorders like Cataracts and Blindness.
34.
Define
waste land.
Waste lands are defined as the lands which re
unstable in ecologically and topographically with complete loss or its
fertility status. In these types of
lands the toxicity for the growth of crops or trees are developed due to environmental
or anthropogenic problems.
35.
What
are the causes for formation of waste land?
a. Deforestation.
b. Desertification.
c. Soil
loss.
d. Industrial
pollution.
36.
What
is the need for waste land reclamation?
Population of the world is increasing at an
alarming rate. This increases demand for
food and demand of land for shelter and other resources. The available land area should be properly
utilized for making food for increasing population of the world.
37.
Nuclear
holocaust.
It means distraction of biodiversity
by nuclear equipments and nuclear bombs. In a holocaust, large numbers of
living beings are totally destroyed. Usually, these kinds of distractions are
happened in a nuclear war.
PART B:
1. Explain
about unsustainable to sustainable development.
2. Explain
briefly global warming.
3. Write
about enforcement machinery involved in environmental legislation.
4. Write
about environmental protection act India.
5. Write
about wasteland reclamation.
6. Discuss
a. Acid rain b. Ozone layer depletion.
7. Explain
about resettlement and rehabilitation of people.
8. Write
about role of nongovernmental organization.
9. Discuss
about environmental ethics.
UNIT V – HUMAN POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1. How
the population problem in India is analyzed?
India’s population problem may be viewed from three
aspects
a. The absolute size of population.
b. The rate of growth of the population.
c. The age structure of the population.
2. What
is population explosion?
Population
explosion means the rapid population growth which is unexpected and
unimaginable. The graph of recent population growth is referred to as a ‘J’
curve as it follows the shape of that letter, starting out low and skyrocketing
straight up.
3.
List the effect of population
explosion.
a.
Increased
consumption of resources available in the environment and depletion of the same
quickly.
b.
Due to over
–consumption of natural resources, the environment gets deteriorated and
polluted.
c.
There will be
desertification, deforestation, soil erosion, loss of fertility and poor productivity.
d.
Mass poverty,
poor per-capital availability of food for consumption and prevalence of disease
on large scale.
e.
Rapid
urbanization resulting in growth of slums in cities and towns.
f.
Inefficient
management and ineffective control at all levels leading to poor quality of
life.
4.
Define wellness.
Wellness
is a state of optional well being. Wellness emphasizes each individual’s
responsibility for making decisions that will lead not only to the prevention
for disease but to the promotion of a high level of health.
5.
Name some health related fitness
components.
a.
Muscular
strength and endurance.
b.
Flexibility.
c.
Body
composition.
d.
Cardio-vascular
endurance.
6.
Define Demography.
It
refers to the science of dealing with the study of size, composition and
territorial distribution of population; it includes study of natality,fertility,mortality,
migration, and social mobility.
7. What
is vital statistics?
Vital
statistics are referred to systematically collected and compiled data relating
to vital events of life such as birth, death, marriage, divorce,adoption,etc.
Vital statistics are an indication of the given situation and help us in
answering many health-related queries.
8.
Name the fundamental rights of an
Indian citizen.
a.
Right to
equality
b.
Right to
freedom of Speech and Activity
c.
Right against
Exploitation
d.
Right to
Freedom of Religion
e.
Cultural and
Educational Rights
f.
Right to
Constitutional Remedies.
9.
Write short notes on common
property resources.
Our
environment has a major component that does not belong to individuals. There
are several commonly owned resources that all of us use as a community. The
water that nature recycles, the air that we all breathe, the forests and
grasslands which maintain our climate and soil, are all common property
resources
10.
What is HIV?
HIV
stands for Human Immuno-deficiency Virus and is a virus that can damage the
body’s defence system so that it cannot fight off certain infections.
11.
What is AIDS?
AIDS
stands for (Accquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome). An HIV infected person receives a diagnosis of AIDS
after developing one of the AIDS indicator illness, A positive HIV test result
does not mean that person has AIDS. A
diagnosis of AIDS is made by a physician using certain clinical criteria
(Eg: AIDS indicator illnesses).
12.
What is opportunistic infection?
Infection
with HIV can weaken the immune system to the point that it has difficulty
fighting off certain infections. These types of infections are known as
“opportunistic infections” because they take the opportunity to weaken the
immune system which causes illness of the body.
13.
List the means of HIV
transmission.
There are four main ways in which HIV can be passed
on:
a.
By having
vaginal, anal or oral sex without a condom with someone who has HIV.
b.
By using
needles, syringes or other drug-injecting equipment that is infected with HIV.
c.
From a woman
with HIV to her baby (before or during birth) and by Breast feeding.
d.
By receiving
infected blood, blood products or donated organs as part of medical treatment.
14.
Name some tests available to find
HIV infection.
a.
In addition to
the EIA or ELISA and Western blot, other tests now available include:
b.
Radio Immuno
Precipitaion Assay (RIPA)
c.
Dot –blot
immuno binding assay
d.
Immuno
fluorescence assay
e.
Nucleic acid testing
f.
Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR)
15.
List the special features of Comprehensive
programme on women and child welfare.
a.
Personality.
b.
Reduction of
Deprivation.
c.
Co-ordinational
Effectivity.
d.
Maternity and
Motherhood.
16.
Name some applications of IT in
health.
Apart from helping in the administration of
hospitals, IT is playing a key role in the health industry. On the, medical
care, the IT has varied applications right from the diagnosis, where there are
latest tools like CT scans, Ultrasound Sonography etc. Which use It as their
basis for diagnosis of ailments. Most of the ICU’s (Intensive Care Units) are
now using computers to monitor the progress and condition of the patient,
undergoing treatments. Apart from this, with help of IT, expert opinions from
doctors away from the place can be sought with help of IT tools like video
conferencing etc. Apart from this can be used in the analysis and research on
various potential medicines /drugs to be used in medical treatments.
17.
List the applications of IT in
environment.
a.
Remote Sensing
b.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
c.
Global Positioning System(GPS)
d.
Meterology
PART
B:
1.
Write about population growth variation
among nations.
2. Role
of information technology in environment.
3. Write
a note on human rights.
4. Explain
about family welfare program.
5. Explain about women and child welfare.
6. Write notes on value education.
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